Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises

scroll Management of Nepalese Public EnterprisesCHAPTER-2Review of Literaturethither atomic number 18 many researches make in tune- analyze Management of Nepalese Public enterprises and Private enterprises. Most of them has made on the manufacturing enterprises. In this chapter attempts has been made to present the review of literature regarding roll vigilance.2.1 C erstptual Framework line of descent ManagementThe writer (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) defines farm animal as any kind of deity resource that has potential economic assess considered as locked up capital. Inventory is a list of redeeming(prenominal)s and temporals which is available in job by commerce (Saxena, 2009). Other write (Li, 2007, p. 175) defines stemma as the stock of any items or resources apply in an judicature. Stock consists of all told corkings and corporals that be stored by an giving medication which is kept for emerging use (Waters, 2003). According to (Roy, 2005, p. 100) chronicle is list of goods or items.Inventory all oversight is the active control program which allows the guidance of sales, purchases and payments (Inventory commission). The compose (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) refers fund anxiety as a process of managing naked as a jaybird solids, semi- completed harvest-festivals and immaculate-products by a firm. The scrutinise focusing is a set of the process and policies that determines what breed level should be maintained, what stock should be replenished and how king-size establish should be (Li, 2007, p. 175). According to (Toomey, 2003, p. 1) stock certificate management is a branch of bank line management which carry oned in preparation and controlling inventories.Effective stock management means providing the desired stock service level or maximising your profit while at the same beat c ar your sum stock constitute as low as likely bySelecting products that initially sell, salubrious and discontinuing those that stop selling.buying th e even up metre (how a lot to buy)Purchasing at the righteousness stream (when to buy)Keeping your total pedigree investment funds in balance with the pass judgment levels of salesTo control greets and improve profit, it is incumbent to actively manage every asset we own. And it is specially true of the management of goods and squ ar we buy and keep on toss off every far our own use or for resale. The goal of register management is to increase profit on bloodline while increase customer service (Frazelle, 2002, p. 91)The dictionary meaning of stock is stock of goods or a list of goods. Various reservoirs define the word inventory in their ways. In floor language may mean stock of consummate goods. In a manufacturing concern, it may include raw materials, work in process and stores. To understand the exact meaning of inventory the word inventory we may study it form the usage side and from the point of door in the operationAmong the antithetical aspects of manag ement, inventory management is besides mavin of the major factors to play signifi basint item-by-item- take accountd business in management of material , part supplies, expenses tools , working process, und oneness products and then record on the books and attend to of store rooms, wargonhouses by an organization is known as inventory management .2.2 Nature of InventoryThe company holds different kinds of inventories to obtain their goals (Waters, 2003). Basically we shtup divide inventory into triple parts which argon following,Raw materialWork in come verbotenFinished goods(Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21)Raw MaterialThe stocks or inventories and purchase parts which is not part of manufacturing process is called raw material (Toomey, 2003). Raw materials argon those basic commentarys that bind to be gone by means of the different process to convert into finish goods.Raw materials inventories argon such(prenominal) kind of inventories which book been purchased and stored for future manufacturing process. Raw materials are hold in store by manufacturing company to smooth running of toil process. The author defines raw material as those kinds of stocks which is imported from suppliers and are store until mandatory for manufacture (Waters, 2003, p. 9).Work in girdWork in progress refers to inventory unit of measurements that are currently organism worked on (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress inventories are n each a finished product nor raw materials. It is middle of raw materials and finished product. The author (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) defines work in progress (WIP) inventories are those kinds of inventories which are in different phase of completion passim the manufacturing process. It is very demanding to separate which materials are WIP and which are not. Because the same materials may be a raw material in one exertion and same material may be a WIP as well as finished goods in other industry. It depends upon genius of come forthp ut signal.Finished goodsThe finished goods inventory instances products that are ready for sale. According to (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) finished goods are those items which are awaiting shipment to customers. Finished goods inventories includes all the completed products which going to be exchange (Muller, 2003, pp. 19-20).These are goods fully manufactured inspected and ready for dispatch to a customer. In manufacturing firm, these are the nett output of the toil process. Stocks of finished goods are held by manufacturing and non-manufacturing company for securities industry operation.2.3 Purpose of inventoryInventory is the roughly Coperni dope to all manufacturing organization in todays industrial world and it plays vital role to exist the company. So it is necessary to manage it square-toedly because both situations of inventories either excessive or piteous are not acceptable to the firm. there are deuce larger points within which the firm should operate. The objectiv e of inventory management should be to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment. The optimum level of inventory will lie between two danger points of excessive and inadequate inventories.According to (Wild, 2002, p. 7) the propose of the inventory management run low in supporting in the business activities is to optimize the three sectors customer services, inventory approach and operating speak to. The author refers about social occasion of inventory like this the inventory is created when publish excesses the necessitate. The main purpose of holding the inventory in the company is to prevent from shortage of raw materials, expected exact, to gain to a greater extent than profit (Li, 2007, p. 176).Firm should always aware from over investment or under-investment in the inventories. Over investment and under investment in inventory is unhealthy for the company. Due to over investment into inventory, makes unnecessary tie-up and the amount which we grou ndworkt invest in other purpose, change magnitude carrying constitute, risk of liquidity. Excessive carrying costs will directly effect in the company profit. Due to over inventories it may not be possible to sell them in time and at full value. Similarity, WIP is far more difficult to sell because as we said before WIP is not finished goods. In the same way finished goods inventory should sold at low legal injurys due to fall in the price in sea gullet and the seasonal factors. So, more investment in inventories is harmful to producer/company. It should be cut down.Similarly, under investment in inventories also not good for company. It carries some problems such as mathematical product hold-ups, frequent work interruptions. If finished goods are not sufficient, we do not meet the customers pick out and our gracility also loss. Thus, the objectives of inventory management should be neither excessive nor inadequate level of inventories but maintaining sufficient inventory level for the smooth production and sales operations. An optimum level of inventory should be determined on the institution of the trade-off between costs and benefits. The various importance of inventory management can be summarized up as followsPredictabilityUnreliability of bringmonetary value fortressLower paradeing costAnticipated demand2.7 Procedure of Inventory ManagementThese are lot of function puzzle to be done For the achievement of its objectives business performs a large renewal of function, namely production, marketing, personnel, office research and development of these production and marketing are basic operating functions in a typical business enterprise. market is concerned with the demand side of goods and services, while production is concerned with the put out side. One cannot exist without other however, decisions about the production activities constitute one of the to the highest degree important functions of the top management. Production is conc erned with the provision of goods and services for the satisfaction of the customer wants. in that respectfore the consumer depends upon the good economical and efficient production agreement good inventory management there should be utilise different activities in ought procedure or manner. General activities such as acquire, receiving, store-keeping and issuing and pricing are the procedure of inventory management. They are expound as follows2.7.1 PurchasingPurchasing is the fulcrum when it comes to meeting customer demands (Johnson, 2010) . Purchasing is the most important function of inventory management to select the suppliers, because it brings significant thriftiness for the organization (Elanchezhian, et al 2010). All organization lease various kinds of commentary like goods and services form external suppliers. The writers ( Baily, Farmer, Jessop, jones, 2005, pp. 3-4) define acquire as to acquire right bar of material, at the right time, in the right quantity, f rom the right source, at the right price. In simple address purchasing is relate to going the open market finding the require materials at the lowest price and selecting the supplier who offers it at that price having the lumber of the materials in minds. In fact the process of inventory management begins with purchasing .The need for particular materials initiates purchasing in a firm. A good purchasing management has played important role in the manufacturing companies. We should pay more attention in the purchasing raw materials, supplies in the right quantity of the right quality from the right origin at the right time and cost. The production is hampered the scarcity of raw materials on time, purchasing surgical incision should take grater responsibilities and should analysis the existing procurement policy and should tune with the overall organisational objectives and policies. We can improve management of purchase by the help of standardization, value analysis, material su bstitution, transportation saving and cost reduction of packing modification. in that respect are the following functions of a purchase department.How to purchase?Where to purchase?How very much to purchase?At what price to purchase?To perform there function effectively, the purchase department follows the following proceduresReceiving purchase requireExploring the sources of supply and choosing of suppliers preparedness and execution of purchase drift.Receiving and inspecting materials.Checking and issuing of bills for payment.3The objectives of purchase department is to arrange the supply of materials, spare parts and services or semi-finished goods required for desired production .Walters observes purchasing functions as The Procurement and Purchase of the proper materials, machinery, equipment and supplies for stores utilize in the manufacturing of a product adopted to marketing in the proper quality at the proper time and at the lowest price perpetual with desired.Purchasi ng now become a specialized function in many organization wasting expenses that Purchasing is a managerial natural action that goes beyond the simple act of buying and includes the planning and policy, objectives covering wide range of related and complimentary include in such activities are the research and development required for the proper selection of materials and sources from which these materials may be brought.4In the words of matter industrial purchasing is The procurement by purchase of Alfred and Beauty .Principles of industrial the proper adopted to marketing in the proper quantity and quality at the proper time and at the lowest price consistently with the quality desired A Purchasing means a policy well planned, Procedures free from much formalities and development of up to date orders and techniques of higher standard to reveal ability and economy.52.7.2 Receipt and Store KeepingAfter sometimes of placing the order, flow-up process starts to bring out quick de livery of the items. The items are acquire by the purchasing department at the time of delivery and received items are compared with purchase order and actual materials received should be entered in goods received note. Then all items received by the purchasing department should be passed into store for protection against deterioration and pilferage. They are stored in such a way that their stance is easily identified at the time of issue The store function involves both keeping the store of materials and keeping the store records, the former being physical task and the later being accounting task depending upon the nature and needs of the organizations the stores are classified as centralized and decentralized store.6In the words of Maynard, the duties of store keeping are to receive materials to protect than while in storage from damage and unauthorized removal to issue the materials in the right quantity at the right time , to the right place and to reserve these services pro mptly and at least costs.Good store keeping should help achieve location identification, notice and issue without delay. Storage infinite should be economically utilized and materials should be protected against deterioration, fine theft, expatiate of quantities should be available on request. General code numbers are assigned to materials for easy identification. Materials may be stored in bin, rack, drawer, tray, boxes or report area.7Store keeping in the activity of receiving or distributing stores or supplies, stores included direct raw materials, indirect materials (supplies) and finished goods8 in the main the physical stock available in the store after counting, weighting , measuring , itemization as the case may be is properly recorded by only of the following manners.2.7.3 Issued and PricingMaterials are kept in stores so that the storekeeper may issue them whenever these are required by the production departments. Materials should be issued on receipt of materials re quisition of Bill of materials under proper authority to avoid the misappropriation of materials.9Materials issued from the stores are debited to the jobs or work orders which received them and credited to the materials account. These jobs are debited with the value of material issued to them.10Each item wrong the inventory has some value associated with it. This value depends on the price eon of the item inside the inventory, procurement cost, storage cost etc. Generally the time of purchase and time of issue of any items are different and the market prices of the items also vary with time. Thus, for costing purposes, the problems of pricing at the time of issue are great signification.112.7.4 Cost Basis for Inventory evaluationThe immemorial basis of accounting for inventory is cost which has been defined broadly speaking as the price paid to considerate assumption to acquire an asset. As applied to inventories, cost means in principal the sum of the relevant expenditure an d changes directly or indirectly incurred in bringing an oblige to its existing condition and location.12Conceptually the process of valuation the inventory is simple. We can calculate inventory value that multiplying physical quantity of goods by cost per unit. But in practice, many organizations purchase different types of raw materials at different price and differenttime. Price of materials changes time to time. There are many types of raw materials remain in the stock. It is not always possible to identify the individual particular purchase group. At the solution firms have faced difficulties in valuation the inventories. In this situation there are many manner actings which are establish on historical cost utilise in determining the value of inventory area. branch In branch Out MethodUnder the First In First Out method the units are assumed to have been disposed of in the order in which they were acquired and the units remaining are assumed to be those which were acquired last. This assumption is realistic in that good merchandising requires that older stock be workd to the introductory and new purchases determined in back of the bin. wherefore the oldest merchandise in sold first, because sales orders are filled from the front of the bins. The last merchandise purchased remains in the inventory.13b. Last In First Out MethodUnder this method, the cost of goods sold consists of the cost of the most recently acquired goods, and the ending inventory consists of the cost of the oldest goods which were available for sale during the period.14This method does not conform to the physical flow of the units of goods but is nevertheless wide used. In periods of steadily rising prices, the inventory value will be at the lower cost of the earliest units acquired. The value of the inventory on the dictation of financial position is a conservative one. In the statement of income the cost of goods sold is higher, and when costs increase realize income is low er resulting in lower income taxes of course, in periods of falling prices, the results will be opposite, the cost of good sold will be lower and net income will be higher. Under LIFO method, whether costs are rising or falling, the net income over a series of years shows less variation.15.c. Specific Price or Identification MethodUnder this method, materials issued to production are priced at their purchase prices. The basic assumption in following this method is that materials in the stores are capable of being identified as belonging to limited lots. Identification can be made by placing some distinguishing mark usually price tag on every lot. When materials are issued, price tags are removed and forwarded to the costing department for ascertaining the material cost of production.This method is simple in its mechanism and operation. This method does not create accounting complications as are associated with the working of FIFO, LIFO and average methods. But this method is useful where job costing is in operation and the actual material issued can be identified. It is also suited to the needs of a atomic business enterprise when a small number of items of materials are purchased and stored which can be easily identified.16d. Base Stock MethodEach concern always maintains a nominal quantity of material in stock. This minimum quantity is known as safety or base stock and this should be used only when an emergency arises. The base stock is created out of the first lot the material purchased and, therefore, it is always valued at the cost price of the first lot and is carried forward as a placed asset.This method works with some other method and is loosely used with FIFO or LIFO method. Any quantity over and in a higher place the base stock is issued in accordance with the other method which is used in conjunction with this method. The objective of this method is to issue the material fit in to the current prices. This objective will be achieved only when the LIFO method is used together with the Base Stock method.172.8 Cost Associated with InventoryThere are many cost associated with the size of inventory directly either advocating to decrease the inventory size or suggesting an increase in the inventory size, for an effective inventory analysis and control of the brass one should have clear picture about the behavior of cost associated with different factors. different kinds of costs associated with inventory management are explained below.a. Carrying costCarrying cost per period, c, represent the cost of inventory storage, handling and insurance, together with the required rate of retrieve on the investment in inventory. These costs are assumed to be constant per unit of inventory per unit of time.18Cost incurred for maintaining a given level of inventory are called carrying cost.Carrying cost means storing cost. It starts when raw-materials are placed in warehouse and it continuous until finished goods have not produced barel y production cost. When we carry raw- materials to production spot and there make final product and that final product we carry into stock. In course of carrying to production spot and returned back to warehouse may labor, handling cost, this cost is also included in carrying costs. However the size of inventory increases, the carrying cost also increases. The carrying costs and the inventory size are positively related and move in the same direction.Carrying cost is the first category of inventory management cost which is generally associated harmoniseally with the average value of inventory.19Total carrying cost vary in proportion to the value of inventory usually they are computed from the following formula.Total carrying cost = Average inventory * carrying cost per unitSymbolically TCC = Q/2 *CWhere,Q = cadence order sizeb. guild cost parliamentary procedure cost represent all of the cost of placing and receiving an order. When a firm is guild from an external source, these include the costs of preparing the purchase requisition, expediting the order (long-distance calls and follow-up letters), receiving and inspecting the shipment and handling charge.In practice, the cost per order generally contains both repair and variable components, since a portion of the cost- such as that of receiving and inspecting the order- normally varies with the quantity ordered. fiat cost may different in the sense of inventories nature. Such as for Raw-materials- ordering cost involves the clerical cost in placing an order as well as certain costs of receiving and checking the goods once they arrive. For finished goods- ordering cost involves scheduling a production run. And for work-in-progress- ordering costs are likely to involve nothing more than record keeping.Ordering cost the fixed expense in the planning and execution of an order for goods.20Ordering cost increase in proportion to the number of orders placed. Thus more frequently the inventor is acquired, hig her the firms ordering costs. On the other hand ordering costs decrease with change magnitude size of inventory.Generally ordering costs involvesCost of placing an orderRequisitioning costTransportation/shipping costReceiving, inspecting and storing costsSales tax, Customs, etcClearing and send on costsInsurance of raw-materialsStationary costBank commission/ L.C. charges ring/Fax/Postage expense to follow upCost incurred when raw-materials in transitFirms usually offer discount for purchase materials in large quantity. Such discount helps reduction in the unit price of the items purchases, such facilities encourage buyers to place a fewer orders rather than placing small onceOrdering cost is calculated by following formulaOrdering cost = Annual Requirement/Quantity order size *Ordering cost per unitSymbolically,TOC = A/Q x O2.9 Inventory placementsThe inventory accounting constitution can be Periodic governance or continuous system.2.10 Inventory Management ModelsPush and bre ak ModelsInventory management models can be classified either push or attract modelsa. Push Inventory ModelsPush models schedule orders for production or order good in advance or customer demand. Manufactures push the finished products through the distribution channel to intermediaries and the final consumer. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Material Requirement Planning (MRPI), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRIP II) and distribution requirement planning (DRP) are all push models.i. Economic order quantity (EOQ)In an ideal environment, forecasting demand would be easy and swell forward. Simply look at past demand patterns to predict future consumption. Under these conditions, EOQ model can be used to calculate when to order the item and how much to order. The basic EOQ equation is as followsEOQ = 2PD/CVWhere,P=Cost of placing one order in rupeesD = Annual demand for the productC = Annual inventory carrying cost expresses as a percentage of products cost of value.V = Average cost or value of one unit of inventoryii. Material Requirement Planning (MRPI)MRPI is a computer- based management information system designed to manage myrmecophilous demand inventory items in the transformation process of operations management. This computerized inventory system was developed in the 1960s to deal primarily with the measure the tedious record keeping of mutualist demand inventory transactions.many researchers believe that MRP systems historically have made a fundamental software system development contribution that has helped cause computer-based system to integrate and therefore aid in the development of computer- integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems.21One of the most common dependent demand inventory system used in the United States is the managerial requirement planning (MRP) system.22It supports the planning and control of dependent demand inventory and is most popular in U.S organizations that have substantial dependent demand inventory to manage. It includes any products that are made from dependent demand inventory items such has components or raw materials. MRP processes information for production scheduling and ability planning as well.As an inventory management system, MRP can be used to plan inventory needs over a fixed planning horizon. Although MRP can plan inventory requirement for a period of from a single day to several years, the information the program beginning is usually based on weekly intervals. In MRP terminology, the weekly (or other time period chosen) are referred to as time buckets. One of the primary objectives of an MRP system is provide an adequate supply of dependent demand inventory when required fro production. MRP also seeks to provide useful inventory, production scheduling, and capacity planning information for inventory control proposes.There are two types of MRP systemsRegenerative establishmentThis is a periodic data input system. Under this system, changes in input data are saved until a specific ti me, such as the end of a week or end of a month. Changes are then run on a group of batch basis.Net-change SystemThis is a continuous data input system. Under this system, changes are in a flash entered into the computer. New MRP planning information is then recomputed for all of the elements in the inventory system that are affected by the changes.iii. Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) SystemThe basis MRP system simply handles the materials aspects of production/ operations control. No real account is taken of capacity implications Therefore one more sophisticated system developed in Manufacturing resources planning (MRPII) system24In addition to producing the flesh out material plan, the system can produce detailed capacity plans provided it has the necessary job-routing data and so on. The implementation of these plans allows shop-floor and purchase control to be carried out. MRP II is essentially a computer system. It has been suggested by Oliver Wight that MRP/ MRP II implementations can be classified on a four- point scale, from A to D. dining table no . Briefly describes these states.ClassCharacteristicsDMRP working in data-processing department onlyPoor inventory recordsMaster schedule mismanagedReliance on shortage lists for progressingCUsed for inventory ordering, not scheduling plan by shortage listsOverloaded master scheduleBSystem includes capacity planning, shop-floor controlUsed to plan production, not manage the businessHelps still needed from shortage listsInventory higher than necessaryAUses closed-loop MRPIntegrates capacity planning, shop-floor control, vendor schedulingUsed to plan sales, engineering, purchasingNo shortage lists to over-ride schedulesMost organization implementing MRP/ MRP II are on the cartroad from class D status to class A status. A difficult faced is knowing, in a quantitative sense, where on the path the organization is, and what steps to take to effect improvements.iv. Distribution Requirement Planning (D RP)DRP applies MRP II principles to the flow of finished goods to field warehouses and customers. Although MRP II improved MRP by winning into account both material management and production scheduling. It failed to account for this out bound movement. DRP adjusts ordering patterns of inventory needs vary, responds more readily to system wide inventory needs and better deals with product availability and receipt timing.b. Pull Inventory ModelPull inventory models are based on making goods once customer demand is known . The product is pulled through the channel of distribution by the order. Recent trends suggest a movement to use pull inventory models to reduce inventory end-to-end the channels. JIT and KanBan are the must widely used pull inventory models.i. KanBan Pull ModelThe KanBan Mean visual record and is the production control system the uses JIT production system, allowing production with smaller inventories, KanBan is also referred to as card system, a single card KanBan and two card KanBan system.ii. Single Card KanBanThe single card kanban system uses only a conveyance (move) kanban and no production kanban. The single card kanban is must common used in Japan.25iii. ii card KanBanInventroy is usually controlled at low levels by using a manual two card KanBan system. One card is conveyance KanBan, the requisition and authorization of transferenceof materials form supply center to work center. A molybdenum card the production KanBan, authorizes the production of materials.2

The Recycling Of Metals Engineering Essay

The recycle Of Metals Engineering EssayIn our report we argon discussing intimately cycle of stretchs and why we go in for recycle it. Also we shake up chosen five admixturelic elements namely nerve, aluminium, pig bed, protract, and westward which argon recycled competently during the cycle demonstrate and discuss close the method of touch on and social welfares of cycle treat.Metals lead an distinguished part in modern societies and engage historically been linked with industrial bafflement and improved living standards. Society tummy link on alloylic element options from Earths crust as well as from admixture discarded after manipulation in the rescue 1. Metals be extremely recyclable materials because their intrinsic properties dont change much on repeated cycle. If we outgrowth their reuse and recycling the metals have a potential to improve resource productivity, and to reduce vim use, some emissions, and flub disposal. Improper rec e ratt lingwherey of metals from the economy increases reliance on primary resources and stack impact nature by increase the dispersion of metals in ecosystems.What is metal recycling?Metal recycling is the process of reusing emeritus metal material, mainly aluminum and brand name, to coiffure pertly products. cycle old metal products uses 95% little heftinessthan manu renderuring it from freshly materials 2.Why metal recycling?It is easy and cost-effective to recycle metal, and metal john be recycled continuously without losing its properties. Therefore recycling metal reduces the env compactmental impacts associated with metal minelaying and production.2. Materials and Methodsa. aluminiumaluminum is the most abundant metal in the world and oerly bingleness of the most recycled a fact that can be attri hardlyed to the strong price it commands in worldwide commodities markets. It is estimated that over 50% of aluminum cans produced will be recycled, with some countries havin g a recovery rate of greater than 90%. Aluminum is a sustainable metal because of its high recovery rate and recyclability, with 2/3 of all the aluminum ever produced in use today.i. Applications of aluminumElectrical conductors, transport, packaging, building and architecture, unhomogeneous applications such as high pressure gas cylinders, machined components, sporting equipment, bridle-path barriers and signs and lithographic platesii. Recycling of AluminumThe recycling of aluminum provides mevery environmental and economic benefits. Aluminum recycling keep ups a substantial issue forth of b defenselessniness. Aluminum is a sustainable metal and can be recycled repeatedly for any number of times. It is in any case the most valuable recycled product that we humans consume. The selling of aluminum enables the municipalities to reduce some of the cost of recycling of other less valuable products, which provides an economic necessity to recycle. In these days, it is cheaper, faster and to a greater extent(prenominal) zero saving and also efficient to recycle aluminum than the olden days. Aluminum, universe light speed shargon recyclable can be recycled indefinitely.The process of recycling aluminum cans is described below 3Aluminum cans and other such furiouss argon cool from place wastes and by municipal garbage. Using a winding called eddy current separator, the wastes atomic number 18 sorted when it arrives to company. The eddy current galvanicly charges and causes it to repel from the device in to a screen stream and whence is passed on in to an awaiting bin. Then these be condensed into highly dense, briquettes weighing 30-pound or bales of 1,200-pound. This is therefore shipped off to aluminum companies for melting and further touch.Once the condensed briquettes and bales arrives to the aluminum companies, it is shredded, crushed and torn off of their inside and outside decorations by means of a simple process of burning. Then, th ese palm sized pieces of aluminum are smashed into furnaces for melting, where the recycled metal is blended a foresightful with the current, virgin aluminum.Aluminum is liquified and hence poured ingot moulds and is cast in to ingots. It is therefore arranged in to 25-foot long ingots that weigh over 30,000 pounds. These ingots are thusly fed into rolling mill nigh which reduce the thickness of the metal from closely 20 inches into sheets that are slightly 10/1,000 of an inch thick.These metal sheets are then coiled and shipped to can makers that produce cans and other related products. These processed cans are then delivered for the make full of beverages to companies. melt furnaceThe filled cans are then distributed to stores and supermarkets for sales. The consumers then consume it and is then put in to bins or collecting centres. Then the cans enter the recycling cycle and the whole process repeated. A apply can gets guts in to the stores shelves in as little as 60 days. opponent millproductsaluminumAluminum plantplantAliuminum plant process grain utilise aluminum productsAluminum ingot outputblock of metal castMolten aluminumAluminum micro chip are collectediii. Applications of recycled aluminumTransportation Equipment, Containers and Packaging, Construction Materials, Durable Goodsiv. Benefits of recycling aluminum 4 hold zip fastenerManufacturing aluminum from virgin ore consumes a huge amount of postcode in each and every step from metallurgy to casting which increases our dependence on fossil fuels. Recycling aluminum saves 92 percent of the null needful to produce aluminum from bauxite ore. A single aluminum can, when recycled saves the amount of energy that is equivalent to the energy that is needed to supply a television piece for 3 hours.Conserves tender materialMain source for the aluminum industry is the aluminum buffalo chip because of its recycling nature. The recycled aluminum saves 4 hemorrhoid of bauxite ore and 1, 500 pounds of petroleum coke and pitch for every ton of re-melted aluminum sooner of extracting.Reduces PollutionRecycling aluminum requires only(prenominal) less energy than manufacturing so, it agency cut greenhouse emissions. Also it reduces second-string effects on the environment, such as global warming and acid rain. Therefore recycling aluminum instead of extracting virgin ore eliminates nearly about 95 percent of contrast pollution and 97 percent of water pollution.b. CopperCopper is the antiquated and most employ metal by man. After iron and aluminum, copper is the most leading metal produced in the market. Copper is very normally apply in electrical and plumbery system applications. Since number of electrical components are used in our day to day life, the application of copper increases day by day. Copper is used directly or as an mix with iron (Bronze). Many ancient aircrafts are made of bronze. Most of the raw materials have mixs added to their base metal.i . Applications of copperComparing to other metals, copper is more often used in its pure form than alloys. Copper have high resistance to corrosion and high electrical and thermal conductivity in the pure form which makes it suitable for most of the electrical, heating and plumbing applications.ii. Recycling of copperCasting the molten metal Temp 11600C into billetsMolten furnace99% pure CuExtrusion process into tubesCollection and sorting of the toss away In Europe, 41% of copper for its applications are obtained from recycling 5. Recycling of copper is make by the following steps. The food waste rich in copper are waste electrical and electronic equipments, old taps, plumbing pipes and scrap from copper/copper alloy production and manufacturing. So these chuck out are first collected, sized and sorted. These sorted scraps are then melted, casted and then made into immature copper products. When the copper scraps are received for recycling, it is first visually inspected, gra ded and analyzed chemically if necessary. justify scraps are baled and stored until processed. High grade copper scraps are melted directly, but in some cases it is brought to higher purity when it is in a molten state while ameliorate. It is then followed by deoxidization and then casted into billets or ingots for further production process.Temperature is reduced to 6000C optimal extrusion fit into different diameters for several applicationsiii. Benefits of copper recycling 5EnvironmentContinuous mining may reduce the violence of the soil. The refining process will take place some dust particles along with some waste gases such as sulphur dioxide etc which will have some harmful effects on the environment. Even though umteen copper producers are involved in minimizing these harmful effects (sulphur dioxide is captured and used to make sulfuric acid) it is not affirmable to eliminate them only. So the recycling process will enhance for this as a whole.Landfill costsIf the used materials are not recycled, it will be sent for landfills. It is alike in the case of copper where the non recycled copper materials are dumped as a whole in the earth called landfill. Once if we are continuously involved in increasing the content of landfill, it becomes very unwieldy to dispose those materials if it becomes full.Energy savingIn general, the energy required for extracting one ton of copper from its ore is approximately 100GJ. and the energy required for producing same amount of copper from recycling is only 10GJ, which is only 10% of the energy needed for extraction. This results in saving a number of valuable militia such as coal, raw(a) gas etc.Conservation presently 12% of known copper resources have been mined. However the number is finite and it makes sense to conserve these ores by recycling. The recycling efficiency of copper is about 40 to 60%.EconomicsRecycling copper is very economic compared to mine and extract new copper. Recycled copper saves 90% of the cost of the received copper which obviously helps to keep the cost of copper products down.c. markSteelis an alloy mostly consists ofiron and carbon copycontent between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight 7. Steel is normally produced by smelting iron ore which is a technical process where it contains more carbon and to become stigma, it must be melted and reprocessed to reduce the amount of carbon and other elements are added, the liquid is thencontinuously castinto long slabs orcastintoingots .Steel is mostly used in engineering and wind materials. It is very friendly to the environment and completely recyclable overdue to high durability, less energy consumption.i. Applications of steel contract and steel are most widely used in the grammatical construction of roads, rail vogues, other infrastructure appliances and buildings.Steel is used in novelty of otherconstructionmaterials, such as bolts,nails, andscrews 10.ii. Recycling of steelThe unique charismatic properties of steel make it an easy material to recover from the waste so it can be recycled. The properties of the steel remain unchanged no matter how many times they are recycled. Steel recycling saves 75 percent of the energy which would be used to create steel from raw materials, enough to power 18 million homes. Over 65 percent of the steel produced in the U.S. is recycled into new steel every year. Steel is recycled in the following process. accumulationThe steel scraps are collected first from the companies households etcThen are taken to the recycling industry.ShreddingAfter it has reached the recycling plant the collected scraps are shredded into pieces.Magnetic SeparationThe shredded pieces reach the magnetic separation process where the steel is attracted to magnet and gets separated from other metals.De tin-platingSteel cans normally have a layer of tin on them, where tin can is recycled on its own. This is usually carried out in specialize steel company, such as a steel mill or a scrap dealer.MeltingThe separated steels scarps are the kept in a furnace for melting and hence the melted steel is casted and rolled into direct sheets.ReformationOnce the steel is in sheet form, it can be molded into products such as new steel cans, car split or construction materials. Steel can be recycled infinitely without losing its strength or quality.iii. Applications of Recycled steelThe recycled steel are used in appliances, tie Cans, Cars/trucks, Construction materials, Desks, File cabinets, Fire hydrants, Guard rails, Utility poles.iv. Benefits of recycling steel 9Conservation of Natural ResourcesThe recycling process in less dear(predicate) when compared with the manufacturing and also ecofriendly. Therefore using scrap steel helps preserve innate(p) resources and energy. According to the Steel Recycling Institute, for every ton of steel recycled, 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds of limestone are conserved. By recycling, the steel indus try also conserves a huge amount of energy, thus the energy can be used for other useful purposes.Landfill SpaceRecycling steel helps in saving landfill space by diverting steel from the waste stream.Reduces Air and water pollutionManufacturing steel from its virgin ore involves the emission of greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. Therefore using recycled steel generates 85 percent fewer emissions.Using scrap steel as a raw material in a steel mill can devolve water pollution by 76 percent and its mining waste by 97 percent said by Institute of dispute Recycling Industries.Economically AdvantageousRecycling the old steel into new steel than manufacturing steel completely from virgin ore is more profitable.d. chair wiz is an element with a symbolisation Pb and has an atomic number of 82. It is very soft and malleable in nature. It comes under the category of heartrending metals. Lead as a metal has a bluish-white color when it is freshly cut, but the color soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is assailable to air. Lead forms in to a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. Melting point of lead is 327.46 degree Celsius and a boiling point of 1749 degree Celsius. It is also known for its density which is 11.34g/cubic meter. Another important property of lead is that it is resistant to corrosion 11i. Applications of leadLead is used in ballast keel of sailboats and also in scube diving belts due to its property of high density. It is also used to cast small accouterments and ammunition and shotgun pellets. Lead is also used in printing. Since it is a non corrosion metal it suitable for outdoor applications when in contact with water. It is used in statues and sculptures and also in construction industry. Apart from all these, more than half of the worldwide lead production is used as electrodes in the lead-acid battery used extensively as a car battery.ii. Recycling of lead 13Following are the recycling process .ReceivingBatteries and recyclable raw materials are unloaded, weighed and sent to raw material processing center.SeparationBatteries are downhearted apart in the hammer mill, and separated into three main components-leads, waxy and acid-by screening and gravity separation. Each component moves into a separate processing stream.ContainmentAfter initial processing, recovered lead and other lead wastes are stored in a specially designed containment building with a double-lined ditch and leak-detection system.PurificationThe Waste water purification and treatment system neutralizes, purifies and converts the sulphuric acid into a pH- neutral liquid that is safely released into the sewer system.Smelting and refiningAfter the lead is melted in blast furnaces, we mix the get lead with other materials to produce lead alloys.CastingRefined lead is poured into molds and cooled. Ingot molds come in three size large blocks (hogs), immaterial bars (pigs), and tube-shaped (billets).iii. Ben efits of recycling leadMining of lead requires energy of about 1000 TJ whereas recovering of lead from batteries and other sources requires only about 12.9 TJ. We clearly see that we save nearly 77 times the energy in the recovering process.Recycling lead also releases less amount of carbon dioxide when compared to the process of mining of lead from ore. To be accurate, recycling process prevails 1.5Kt CO2 while the mining process gives 163Kt CO2 .This clearly shows the diminution in the amount of emission of green house gases to more than 100 times.Mineral resources are saved. Land resources are also saved from reservation it in to landfills.Lead recycling gives almost 100% efficiency.e. Tungsten recycling 14Tungsten is a chemical element with a chemical symbol W and an atomic weight of 74. Tungsten is a whitish-gray metal and is one of the heaviest metals that have the highest melting point of any element except carbon excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. The avera ge concentration of double-u in the Earths crust is estimated to be approximately0.0001%. The available ores for extracting atomic number 74 are Scheelite (CaWO4) and Wolframite (Fe, Mn) WO4.The leading use was as tungsten carbide in cemented carbides are use to make miscue tools and also as wear-resistant components by the construction, metalworking, mining, and oil drilling industries. Tungsten alloy or pure tungsten metal contacts, electrodes, and wires are used in electrical, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. Tungsten alloys and composites are used as a replacing for lead in bullets and shot. Tungsten chemicals are used to make catalysts, corrosion-resistant coatings, dyes and pigments, fire-resisting compounds, high-temperature lubricants, and phosphors. As on today, the market rate for the tungsten ore is $16.25 per pound. This clearly shows the collect and the necessity for the metal. We have seen previously that only 0.0001 percent of ore is pres ent over the earths crust and the price too being very expensive brings about the necessity of recovering and recycling from used mediums. This can save a lot of resources, energy required for mining ores and its processing to get the metal. consequently we clearly see recycling and recovering serves a great way for saving tungsten recourses.i. Recycling processRecycling of tungsten has been done since early 90s. We evidently are having a good progress in this recycling process. There are many ways to recycle the metal. But it depends on the type of scrap we choose to recover it from. The types of scraps are given belowOld scrapIt consists of tungsten-bearing products that are worn out. Used cemented carbide move like metal cutting tools, some tungsten metal and tungsten alloy parts from electrical equipments. Old super alloy scrap entangles used turbine blades and other parts removed from jet engines. It also includes some tool steel components.New scrapIt is generated during th e processing of tungsten concentrates, scrap, and chemicals to make metal powder and during the fabrication of tungsten products from these materials. This includes hard scrap consisting of solid pieces, such as sub specification alloy parts and cemented carbide parts, soft scrap consists of fine particles, such as bag house dust from steel and alloy manufacture.Unrecovered scrapIt represents tungsten in scrap that has not been recycled. Some of its examples include burned out lamps and lighting fixtures, electrical contact disks, land filled spent catalysts and low-grade grinding swarfs, non due carbide parts, tungsten carbide hard facing materials, and welding electrode stubs.Processing of alloy scrapsThe oxidation-reduction process is the preferred method for recycling tungsten heavy metal alloy turnings and powders. In this direct recycling process, the scrap is oxidised by heating it in air at 800 C, milled and screened, henry reduced between 900 to 1,000C, screened, blended, and then mixed with virgin heavy metal alloy powder to make a ready-to-press powder for the production of new products.Processing of cemented carbide scrapCemented carbide producers supply scrap directly to converters, who return recycled powders to them for reuse. The processing method involves oxidation followed by alkali leaching. Cemented carbide scrap could be recycled by semi direct methods, such as acid leaching, bloating followed by leaching, electrolysis, or leach-milling.Processing of pure tungsten powder scrapsPure tungsten metal scrap could be recycled by using the following method. Electrolysis, which uses the scrap as an anode in an electrolytic solution, then chemical processing in which melting is followed by oxidation-reduction.Processing of thoriated tungsten scrap thoriate tungsten electrodes are also used in a variety of high-performance and special application lighting products, such as high-intensity force out lamps. The scrap is oxidized in air and then eith er reduced with iron by using a silicothermic or aluminothermic process to make ferrotungsten or processed chemically to make APT. The thorium oxide, which ends up in the slag in the production process is sent to a low-level radiation depository. Cleaned thoriated tungsten powders, solids, and turnings, which are generated as new scrap during the production of thoriated tungsten products or, in the case of solids, as old scrap by consumers, are processed by using the oxidation-reduction method.ii. Benefits of recycling tungstenRecovering tungsten this way enables us to save two-third of energy we spend for mining new tungsten from the ore. That is we spend only one-third of energy for recoveringTungsten when compared to mining.Recycle efficiency of tungsten is 66%CO2 emission is sustained there by modify its merit to green house effect.Saves mineral resource i.e 0.0001% of tungsten in earths crustWhat are the Benefits of metal recycling?Get paid for you give to scrap metal recycli ng facilities.Emission of green house gases gets reduced.Aluminum and steel can be recycled repeatedly.Decreases environmental damage caused by miningConserves land and water resource.Things to be doneThe secondary metal production is been affected by environmental regulation through laws that check into emissions and govern the classification and treatment of metal-loaded wastes. Also industry must develop better technology to isolate and recover maximum value from metals in waste streams, and governments must institute policies that remove barriers to their economically and environmentally. Only through a cooperative effort can society recover a maximum amount of metal from the industrial/social system to benefit the environment.ConclusionsRecycling of metals helps us to make sustained use of metals. It conserves energy, natural resources, therefore reduces pollution. Due to the unique valuable properties metals will remain an inbuilt part of future industrial society. Decades o f increased productivity and more efficient technologies for metals production and use has decreased the share claimed by the primary and secondary metals industries. Many recycling techniques should be carried out so that the environmental benefits gets increasing on the reliance on secondary metal production include conserving energy, landscapes, and natural resources, and reducing toxic and nontoxic waste streams. If every farming embraces it, a global impact will be achieved.

Client Directed Outcome Informed Therapy (CDOI) Analysis

invitee Directed number In organize Therapy (CDOI) AnalysisTaryn Slaughter through with(predicate)out the years, therapies imbibe transitioned through different theories of change, model development and extensive research. For decades express ground models of therapy were argued to be the trounce handling for customers. Whilst therapy programs hold ond and expanded the rank of triumph did not. Slowly the perception of traditional models and treatments began to change and healers began looking for alternatives to best suit the unavoidably of their customers. Gradually the utilizations of therapist and client have changed and the client now has more involved in their treatment movement. The client is no longer just a recipient of treatment they ar a partner in the planning, go foring and the outcomes. This essay will describe client say outcome assured therapy and how it benefits clients with consistent corroboratory treatment outcomes.The concept of Client Direc ted outcome Informed therapy (CDOI) was developed through collaboration surrounded by Scott Miller and Barry Dun cig bet (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). After reviewing years of outcomes research, CDOI therapy was created in an attempt to spiel the needs of idiosyncratics who had not responded to traditional models of therapy (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004 Duncan Moynihan, 1994). Through further studies and collaborations otherwise forms of outcome and client directed models emerged. These other forms of therapy have been called Feedback Informed Therapy (FIT) and Partners for agitate force Management System (PCOMS) (Miller, Duncan, Sorrell Brown, 2004). All three forms of therapy focus on the same principle of providing treatment for clients that is best suited to their individual needs.CDOI therapy has no fixed treatment, model, practice or intervention. The client directed aspect of CDOI therapy ensures that the contraventions in the midst of individuals atomic number 18 understood (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). Practitioners performing CDOI therapy with clients acknowledge that each individual is different by structuring treatments to meet the needs of each client (Duncan Moynihan, 1994). The passage of structuring treatment for each individual requires an understanding of the clients specialtys weaknesses and resources to notice the best possible outcome (Norcross Wampold, 2010). Once these atomic number 18 understood, the client and therapist are then satisfactory to outline the desired goals of the client and implement treatments best suited to the client.The relationship amongst client and therapist enables the passage of establishing goals and treatment options in any therapy. The relationship (or fusion) is built early in the initially stages of therapy (Barber, Connolly, Crits-Christoph, Gladis, Siqueland, 2000). The strength of the shackle is determined on the ability of the client and therapist to work together in a mutua lly respective, believe and supportive environment (Klee, Abeles Muller, 1990). A therapist must be able to overcome any early resistance to therapy or formation of alliance to ensure the treatments being provided will meet the needs of the client.Research has shown that the strength of the alliance is a significant indicator to the outcomes of treatment. A meta-analytical review conducted by Martin, Garske and Davis (2000) examined a enactment of studies which observed alliance and outcomes of treatment. It was found that the alliance formed between therapist and client was the most significant indicator of outcome. These findings are consistent with the other alliance foc apply research (Klee, Abeles Muller, 1990 Krupnick et al., 1996 Meier, Barrowclough Donmall, 2005) which shows that a powerfully built alliance results in more confirming outcomes then those client/therapist relationships with inconsistent or weakly formed alliances.The outcome informed aspect of CDOI ther apy involves the offshoot of compiling feedback throughout treatment. This process provides indicators on whether the selected treatment is affective for the client and meeting their needs (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). A number of studies have shown the intensity level of ongoing feedback between advocator and client and positive outcomes of treatment (Claiborn, Goodyear Horner, 2001 cubic decimeter Shimokawa, 2011). Therapists can character the information gathered through feedback to either continue with current treatments or make adjustments where required to continue to work towards treatment goals (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). The most important aspect of this process is that the client is the one expressing how the treatment is working for them, bearing to the principle of CDOI therapy.There are many different terms officed in professional act when collecting feedback. There are also a number of different methods used when compiling information transmitted betwee n therapist and client. In CDOI and other client and outcome focused therapies many therapists use the Outcome Ratings Scale (ORS) and Session Rating Scale (SRS) (Miller, Duncan, Sorrell Brown, 2004). Both scales give up the therapist to gain an understanding on the level of alliance formed and the success of the treatment being utilised. Consistent feedback from the client ensures that the alliance is still pissed and the treatment is being potent in reaching the clients goals (Shaw, 2014). other models of treatment and therapies such as Counselling and Medical models have more specific structures and guidelines. These models of therapy use the process of diagnosing a problem and then utilising a specific therapy to treat that problem (Mozdzierz, Peluso Lisieki, 2011). Through evidence based practise, problems and therapies are linked together from previous studies and research in the areas where there have been previous successful outcomes. Therapies such as Cognitive Behavi our Therapy (CBT) are linked with previous results in treating diagnosed ailments such as anxiety and feeling (Butler, Chapman, Forman Beck, 2006 Tolin, 2010). These therapies are classified under the medical model of treatment and would be used by therapists after diagnoses of anxiety or depression has been made.The difference between these models and the CDOI therapy model is that there is no distinct diagnoses and treatment structure. each client is evaluated on their own strengths, weaknesses and ideas about treatment. Goals and treatment options are particularize by both the client and the therapist to ensure all needs of the client are being met, not just the symptoms of a disorder that may be present resulting in a diagnoses (Duncan, Miller Sparks, 2004). Other models of therapy are more restricted in the types of treatments provided and do not allow for individual characteristics of each client.When adopting the CDOI method there is no need to solely discard other mode ls such as the Counselling Model of treatment. CDOI therapy can draw from these different models and modify the structure to suit the client, instead of following(a) the guidelines that may not be appropriate in every outcome (Duncan Moynihan, 1994). There have been many cases of successful outcomes for clients using evidence based therapies in the past (Butler, Chapman, Forman Beck, 2006 Tolin, 2010). However CDOI therapy is an alternative to these therapies that can be integrated to meet the needs of any client by minimising the risk of ostracize outcomes.There are a number of strategies that can be used by a professional counsellor to change their outcomes when using CDOI therapy. The vastness of alliance between client and therapist has been proven to be a significant indicator of outcome. To build an alliance a professional needs to build a strong, safe and trusting relationship with the client (Norcross Wampold, 2010). A professional counsellor needs to understand the processes involved to build and maintain a strong alliance throughout treatment.Building strong social skills is one way a professional can achieve a strong alliance. To assess interpersonal skills, a professional can use the Social Skills Inventory (SSI) and the Facilitative social Skills (FIS) Performance task questionnaires (Anderson, Ogles, Patterson, Lambert Vermeersch, 2009). These questionnaires measure social and emotional aspects of individuals interpersonal skills. These aspects are important in building a successful alliance between professional and client which has shown to be a strong indicator of positive outcome.Building on interpersonal skills can be achieved through continuing regular training and education. By continuing education, a professional counsellor can remain current with ongoing research, therapies and treatments and build on exist skills (Norcross Wampold, 2011). By utilising further education a professional can use new ideas to improve outcomes in future cases.One other system relates to the feedback process between therapist and client. A successful indicator of outcome, the feedback process is important (Claiborn, Goodyear Horner, 2001). A professional counsellor needs to use a simple and quick system of collecting feedback so that the process doesnt become overwhelming for the client (Lambert Shimokawa, 2011). This process can only collar to positive outcomes for the professional and client.Conclusion-No one model has proven favourable position over anotherReferencesAnderson, T., Ogles, B M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist Effects Facilitative Interpersonal Skills as a Predictor of Therapist Success. daybook of clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755-768.Barber, J. P., Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Gladis, L., Siqueland, L. (2000). coalescence Predicts Patients Outcome Beyond In-Treatment Change in Symptoms. journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1027-1032. in side 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1027.Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioural therapy A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17-31. inside10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003.Claiborn, C. D., Goodyear, R. K., Horner, P. A. (2001). Feedback. PsychotherapyTheroy, Research. Practise, Training, 38(4), 401-405. doi10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.401.Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., Sparks, J. A. (2004). The Heroic Client. A revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through client-directed, outcome informed therapy. Sanfrancisco, California John Wiley Sons.Duncan, B. L., Moynihan, D. W. (1994). Applying Outcome Research Intentional Utilization Of The Clients Frame Of Reference. Psychotherapy, 31(2), 294-301. doi 10.1037/h0090215.Johnson, L., Brown, J., Anker, M. Becoming Outcome Informed. In Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., Sparks, J. A. (2004). The Heroic Client. A revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through c lient-directed, outcome informed therapy (pp. 81-118). Sanfrancisco, California John Wiley Sons.Klee, M. R., Abeles, N., Muller, R. T. (1990). Therapeutic bond paper Early Indicators, Course and Outcome. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practise, Training, 27(2), 166-174. doi 10.1037/0033-3204.27.2.166.Krupnick, J. L., Sotcky, S. M., Simmens, S., Moyer, J., Elkin, I., Watkins, J., Pilkonis, P. A. (1996). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome Findings in the National Institute of mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology,64(3), 532-539. doi 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.532.Lambert, M. J., Shimokawa, K. (2011). Collecting client feedback. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 72-79. doi10.1037/a0022238.Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., Davis, M. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables A meta-analytical review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psycho logy, 68(3), 438-450. doi 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438.Meier, P. S., Barrowclough, C., Donmall, M. C. (2005). The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of substance misuse a critical review of the literature. Addiction, 100(3), 304-316. doi 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00935.xMiller, S. D., Duncan, B. L., Sorrell, R., Brown, G. S. (2004). The Partners for Change Outcome Management System. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 199-208. doi 10.1002/jclp.20111.Mozdzierz, G. J., Peluso, P. R., Lisieki, J. (2011). Evidence-Based Psychological Practices and Therapist Training At the Crossroads. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(4), 439-464. doi10.1177/0022167810386959.Norcross, J. C., Wampold, B. E. (2010). What Works for Whom Tailoring Psychotherapy to the Person. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 127-132. doi. 10.1002/jclp.20764.Norcross, J. C., Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence based therapy relationships Research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48( 1), 98-102. doi 1037/a0022161.Shaw, S. W. (2014). Monitoring bail bond and Outcome with Client Feedback Measures. Journal of Mental Health Counselling,36(1), 43-57.Tollin, D. F. (2010). Is cognitive-behavioural therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 710-720. doi10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.003.

Parts that Make Up a Knife

Parts that Make Up a Knife almost people dont c be about the knives they use in their kitchen. Meanwhile, there ar a lot of social functions about knives that anyone who uses knives compulsions to know.There argon iv things that reserve up the woundTheConstructionTheSteelTheEdgesTheHandle more or less greennessly used knives either prevail a woodsen turn or a plastic speak. Some knife manufacturers make knives with metallic element handles. But these knives atomic number 18 not comm solo Used.Wooden handles atomic number 18 collapse than plastic handles because they argon attractive when they be new but they are real unsanitary. They absorb liquids and grease over time and accumulates bacteria in them. This poses danger to the health of users.Plastic handles on the other hand are much more sanitary but they are not sound. They are slippery when they are wet and they tend to melt, chip, crack or string up apart over time. They are not lasting.TheConstruction Ano ther heavy thing to know about knives is the way they are constructed. The construction depends on devil thingsThe Tang This is the part of the knife that goes into the handle.The Rivets These are the round piece of metal that hold the blade and the handle together in some knives.The nose drops of a knife is either partial or full and a full tang is better than a partial tang. This is because knives with full tangs are stronger and safer to use. Knives with partial tang are weak and dangerous. The tang can fall out even while you are using the knife.Theblade The two major types of steel commonly used by knife manufacturers are carbon and stainless steel. Each type has bothadvantages and disadvantages. Carbon steel are very strong and even much more dear(predicate) than stainless steel. But they rust and corrode over time which makes them homely and unsanitary to use.Stainless steel on the other hand are much more attractive to usebut they get leaden easily and need to be a lter almost before every use.TheEdges The distinctnesss of knives are either straight or serrated. Straight edged knives make a smooth cut but they must be sharpened constantly almost at every use. Serrated edge knives dont need to be sharpened constantly. They cannot even be re-sharpened and they also rip and tweak into food as we cut with the knife.After researching a lot of knife brands and their products, I slang decided on which brands of knives best satisfy both health and kitchen needs.Number one on the list is Cutco, I retrieve they have are the best knives because of the following reasons.The first is their type of handle. This handle is made to march into anyones. According to cutco.com, the aspiration was made by industrial designer, Thomas Lamb who studied over 700 pairs of hands. This means that the knives will fit your hand whether you are left hand or right handed or you have small or big hands. This design is called the UNIVERSALWEDGELOCKHANDLE.Another import ant feature of these handles is the property from which it was made. The handles are made from thermo-resin handle worldly. According to materialstoday.com, thermo-resin is a very strong type of plastic that can withstand up to 330 degrees of. Heating this plastic only makes it stronger and not otherwise.Cutco knives also have a full tang construction that ensures durability and makes sure the knives are very strong and the blades wont pop out while you are using them. The full tang is held into the thermos-resin handle with silver nickel rivets that are cherry-red smoothly on the surface of the handles for smooth grip on the knives. This silver-nickel material will not expand and carry under various lovingness conditions and leaves no room for harboring bacteria.The steel is neither stainless or the common carbon that rusts and corrodes. The steel is made up of High-Carbon stainless steel 440A, Rockwell bad weather 55-57C. This material is used to make surgical knives and buil d ships so it is strong and very sharp at the same time and it will never rust or corrode.The edge of the knives are designed as the Double-Dedge.This edge has points like serrated knives but these points are not doing the cutting. In surrounded by these points are 3 razors that cut food. The points protect the razor from being dilatory and the knives stay sharp for 7-10 years or even longer fit in to customer reviews from cutco.com.The second choice of knife manufacturer is Wusthof.These knives also have blades that are made of the same material like Cutcos but the blades are only a little harder with Rockwell Hardness of 58C compared to 55-57C of Cutco knives. The handles have an ergonomic design that fits good in different hands as well as the wedge-lock design in Cutco.The edges of the knives have an angle that is so small to extend a very sharp and precise cut on food. The edges only have a 14-degree angle. The smaller the angle of the edge of a knife, the crisp the knife is.The rivets in Wusthofs knives are made of brass, which will expand and contract over a long time but they are discolour fitly on the handle and also have other metals privileged the handle that help the blade to fit snugly into the handle. This makes these knives very durable and they will not pop out while they are used.The trio and the last best option is Shun, they also have high flavour materials like Cutco and Wusthof. The knives are incredibly sharp and. They use hard wood for the handles and cover them with resin so it does not absorb moisture, grease or bacteria.Of all the three knife manufacturers, Cutco was the best option because of the following reasonsThey have the cheapest knives of all three of themIt is American-based this is most important to Americans. An American based bon ton means that if there is a problem with the product, you can easily contact the manufacturer and fix it. Compared to Wusthof which is in Germany and Shun that is in Japan.

Incineration Is Not A Solution To Garbage Environmental Sciences Essay

Incineration Is Not A Solution To Garbage environmental Sciences EssayWith fast population growth, refuse treatment becomes a global challenge since wash and safe disposal of garbage is technically difficult. In 2007, garbage crisis occurred in an Italian city called Naples which was plagued by garbage lying along the streets (A littleio V, 2008). Italian suffered mainly due to overfilled landfills. The crisis draws worldwide concern over waste management. Incinerator offers counter-measure to affluent landfills. Incineration is one of waste treatment techniques involving thermal combustion of garbage to shift the waste intoheat, particulates, bottom ash and flue bollixes (Andrew K, 2005). billet defilement experts conduct that technological breakthrough and through and strict regulation have resulted in no prominent threats posed by incineration. (Health protection Agency, 2009) However, approximates brought by incinerators remain large and lingering. The aim of this pub lisher is to assess deleterious consequences caused by incineration. Although modern incineration has meliorate tremendously, its drawbacks argon still overwhelming because of unsolved pollution problems, high embody relative to other viable alternatives and conflict in the midst of cycle and incineration.To set out with, three main types of pollutants be inevitably emitted during combustion of hazardous waste, which argon heavy metals, unburned toxicant chemicals and new pollutants formed during incineration. Firstly, toxic heavy metals much(prenominal) as lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and chromium are enshrouded to be widely distri excepted in industrial refuse and househ disused waste (Ole H et al, 2002). Metals sess non be destroyed by incineration. Even worse is that they are discharged in more concentrated and hazardous form after combustion (Greenpeace international, 2004). In addition, they are polish offed in form of microscopic gas particles, which increases the photo of our respiratory systems. Obviously, incineration does not eliminate the threats posed by heavy but intensifies them. Secondly, highly poisonous dioxin and furan are produced in reaction among partially decomposed waste components (Greenpeace international, 2004). Particularly, they are more dangerous than original waste. Upon discharge into atmosphere, dioxin can be carried by air and ocean to an area remote from the sources. Thirdly, partial combustion of waste results in escape of unburned toxic substances. Incinerator ash carries these unburned toxic substances to environment through chimney (Greenpeace international, 2004). Indeed, air pollution problem is deteriorated because many venomous products are generated during garbage combustion.Proponents argue that modern and well modulate incinerators only account for a small percentage of local pollution although the detrimental health proceedings of discharges on human are not certainly ruled out. match to Heal th Protection Agency, operators of modern incinerators are obligated to prevent violation of environmental regulations by pressing emission below the strict limits (Department for Environment, viands and Rural Affairs, U.K., 2009). Incinerators are equipped with latest devices such as scrubber, electrostatic precipitators and cyclone to capture harmful pollutants (Water Environment Federation, 2009). lonesome(prenominal) a small amount of air pollutants is then released from incinerators in equivalence with obsolete counterparts. Consequently, the additional appeal born by residents living tight-fitting incinerators is almost negligible. For instance, over 90 percent of human exposure to dioxin is animal foodstuff such as dairy produce, meat, seafood and eggs, which contrasts with limited intake of dioxin through inhalation. Calculation demonstrates that incineration contributed less than 1 percent to UK total emission of dioxin (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Aff airs, U.K., 2009). Seemingly, incinerator is only a minor source of exposure.Undeniably, air pollution control devices make flue gas cleaner but pollutants are neither destroyed nor vanished forever by technologists because the devices are designed to give toxic substances from exhaust to ash. On the other hand, substantial amount of captured exhaust refuse have to be buried in special landfills (Greenpeace international, 2000). Referring to the report from Greenpeace International, the highest concentration of pollutants has been found in residues accumulating inside control devices. They can reave out from the burial sites and immediately threaten neighboring water bodies (Greenpeace international, 2000). In short, this illustrates that advanced control equipment me hope postpone the environmental impact by shifting the pollution problem from air to land.Quite the opposite, incineration is not a monetary value-effective option of waste management because of high operation cost p er short ton. Costs of any waste treatment systems have several determinants including train of technology, features of disposed materials, expertness cost, land, labor, and financing costs. Despite the diversified factors, incineration is always more costly than alternatives. First of all, the operation cost per ton is at least(prenominal) twice as high as that required for landfills which are fitting substitute of incineration (Rand T et al, 2000). Table 1 shows the figures for capital cost per ton per day of waste handled by recycle/composting in industrial nations and less industrialized nations or incineration in 2004. There is an enormous difference between the cost of recycling/composting and incineration.Table 1Capital costs of incineration versus recycling and compostingtpd = tons per day(Rand T et al, 2000)The cost required for recycling/composting alter from US$4000 to US$90000 for industrial nations and US$450 to US$5300 for industrializing nations. In general, the clean cost required for recycling/composting was still considerably lower than incineration cost which amounted to at least US$136000.Incinerator advocates allege that the operation cost of incineration tends to drop gradually because of technological advances. The drop in operation cost is in the beginning attributable to improvement in dewatering technology. Total solid concentration ranging from 27% to 30 % is produced by dewatering, which allows spontaneous combustion upon ignition (Water Environment Federation, 2009). free combustion suggests that no auxiliary give the sack is required so fuel cost saving is significant especially when fuel price is high-minded during economic recovery. Moreover, if heat energy produced during combustion is recovered and converted into electricity, the costs may drop further by $30 to $50 per ton (Water Environment Federation, 2009). It can be predicted that ongoing development of incineration technology is possible to formulate more co st-reducing strategies for the future.On the contrary, technology tends to raise cost preferably because latest air pollution control devices or facilities are pricy. Air pollution control devices add heavy cost to incineration. For instance, flue gas clean-up equipment is responsible for approximately 30% of the capital costs of a established incinerator in United Kingdoms (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions of U.K. , 2000). Next, semipublic awareness of health hazard caused by incinerators and increased emission limits in the United States forces incinerator owners to invest on updating obsolete and more polluting facilities. Apart from this, if special landfills were established to get wind the toxic ash from residues in air pollution control devices, it would drastically increase operation cost (Brenda P, 2004).Besides, incineration hinders the development of recycling which is less expensive since they are incompatible. Incinerators require a minimum a mount of trash to go for daily operation and produce electricity (Confederation of Paper Industry, 2009). The need of garbage for fuel encourages product consumption and waste disposal and leads to keen disceptation for waste between recycling and incineration sectors. Furthermore, incineration projects divert funding from recycling programs to an end that little money is left for them. For example, the Polish National Fund for Environmental Protection offered a loan to construct a waste incinerator in Warsaw, provided that the Warsaw authorities continued to fund waste separation and recycling (Brenda P, 2004). However, shortly after they received the loan, the Warsaw City Council cut reckon for its recycling program. Apart from waste and funds, they also compete for government reassert as their development is subject to government regulations concerning pollution control as well as garbage disposal (Jeffrey M, 2006).Incineration upholders may refute the product line by claimi ng that garbage contents are diversified enough to fill both recycling and incinerators. They admit that both recycling and incinerators demand paper which has high energy value. Nevertheless, only paper which has been recycled so many generation that its fiber-making ability was lost will be incinerated (Confederation of Paper Industry, 2009). Otherwise, it can be recycled. Similarly, paper unsuitable for recycling, including hospital wipes, will also be incinerated for energy (Confederation of Paper Industry, 2009). This suggests that despite the demand for the same waste materials, incineration and recycling rely on distinct sources of the same materials.Anyway, the problem lies on the adverse effect on social value toward waste but not what deserves incineration. strained dependence on incineration promotes the throw-away lifestyle, escalating waste problem. Unregulated manufacture of products and goods dismiss recyclability and reusability (Brenda P, 2004). According to Frie nds of the Earth, in Shrewsbury, Shropshire in England, incineration target decreased from 57% to 27% after the onset of incinerator operation (Shrewsbury Friends of the Earth, 2009). This finding shows that with waste figures decrease due to incineration, the absence of incentive and pressure discourages recycling.The above discussion summarizes the detrimental effects caused by incineration in term of pollution, financial cost and incompatibility with recycling. Undoubtedly, our world incessantly and ubiquitously generates garbage which must be properly handled. However, we should not be ghost with technological advances in incineration. Improved incinerators are not flawless, which solve old problems inefficiently and sometimes create new ones. Incinerators remain polluting, cost public and government heavily and threaten the survival of recycling activities. Incineration is, thus, not a solution to overflowing garbage.(Total words1467 Words per sentence 22.3)

The Monk Essays -- Essays Papers

CHARACTER ANALYSISThe MonkWhen one thinks of a monk, he may imagine someone who studies, prays, and answers manual labor. The Monk, one of the thirty pilgrims traveling on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in The Canterbury Tales, is nothing like the normal monk many people imagine. He is rebellious, ignores rules, and lives and controls his own life. Chaucer, the narrator and precedent of The Canterbury Tales, shows these theatrical roleistics in the way the Monk looks, the things he says and does, and in the things the host, a character in The Monks Prologue, and Chaucer say about him. The Monk is nothing like the common monk many people imagine. He hunts hares and rides horses instead of studying, praying, and working. He does not follow the rules of the monastery which say that monks should not hunt, be reckless, nor leave the monastery. Instead,they should study and perform manual labor. The Monk ignores these rules. Chaucer shows that the Monk does not care about the rules when h e says, He yaf nought of that text a pulled hen(Norton, p.85) and when he says, Of priking and of ...

Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper

The Yellow Wallpaper Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women father you ever been locked in a dark closet? You grope around trying to feel the doorknob, straining to see a thin glitter of light coming from underneath the door. As the darkness consumes you, you feel as if you will suffocate. There is a sensation of helplessness and hopelessness. Loneliness, caused by conquest, is akin the same darkness that overtakes its victim. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in The Yellow Wallpaper, recounts the story of a newborn father who travels to a summer home to rest from her nervous condition. Her chamber is an old nursery covered with ugly, yellow wallpaper. The more time she spends alone, the more she becomes obsessed with the wallpapers patterns. She begins to imagine a cleaning lady behind bars in the paper. Finally, she loses her sanity and believes that she is the woman in the wallpaper, trying to escape. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses telescope and s ymbolism to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness (in women) that clear lead to a deadly form of madness.             Gilman uses setting to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness that can lead to insanity. Gilmans young mother describes the nursery bedroom with windows that ... are interdict for little children (426). In the above passage, the barricaded windows seem to intensify her oppression, and her perception that she is being imprisoned. Gilman also uses the young womans commentary of the summer home to express her feeling of being all alone. It is kind of alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of Eng... ...chniques that Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses in The Yellow Wallpaper to suggest that a type of loneliness (in women) caused by imprisoning oppression can lead to the deadliest form of insanity. By using setting, Gilman shows how the barred windows intensifies the young womans imprisoning oppression, the isolated summer home represents the loneliness the young woman feels, and her hallucinations of the wallpaper pattern indicates her transition to insanity. Wallpaper symbolism is used end-to-end the story the pattern representing the strangling nature of the imprisoning oppression, the fading yellow twine showing the fading away of the young woman, and the hovering smell representing the deadly insanity to which she succumbs. Like the darkness that quickly consumes, the imprisoning loneliness of oppression swallows its victim refine into the abyss of insanity.  

Hidden Meaning in Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate Essay

Hidden Meaning in Laura Esquivels analogous Water for chocolate Laura Esquivels novel, homogeneous Water for Chocolate, is a modern-day novel based on romance, recipes and home remedies. Very little comment has been done on the novel. Of the few essays that argon written on this work, the bulk of them consist of feminist critique. This novel would be most easily approached from a feminist view because of the intricate relationships between women. However, relationships between women be simply one of the many elements touched upon in the novel. analogous Water for Chocolate is a novel that uses recipes as a crypt for many important themes in the novel. Jaques Derrida defines crypt as something that, disguises the act of hiding and to hide the disguise the crypt hides as it holds (Derrida 14). The recipes are more than just formulas, they hold, concealed within them, memories. These crypts are revealed through aliment and the process of food production. Esquivel has personal ties with food and feels that the production of food creates a center of the household. Tita, being the person most closely associated with food grooming in the novel, becomes the primary focus in the structure of her family. The crypts that Esquivel uses are open up throughout the novel in a variety of ways. Tita is constantly attempt against her mother, tradition and inevitably her own destiny. Along the way many aspects of her trials are revealed in her cooking. Eventually, Tita is able to free herself from the emotional chains that her mother has border her. In the end her destiny is revealed, which in return sets her free from her struggles. Esquivel begins to each one chapter of the novel with a different recipe. The various recipe... ...rodic Consumption of Popular tap Myths in Como Agua mirror symmetry Chocolate. Latin American Literary Review. 24.48 (1996) 56-66. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. Trans. Carol Christensen and Thomas Christensen. New York Doubleday, 1992. Ibsen, Kristine. On Recipes, Reading and change Postboon Parody in Como Agua Para Chocolate. Hispanic Review. 25 (1996) 133-146. Januzzi, Marisa. Laura Esquivel. Like Water for Chocolate A Novel in Monthly Installments, with Recipes, Romances and sign of the zodiac Remedies. Review of Contemporary Fiction. 13 (1993) 246-246. Loewenstein, Claudia. Revolucion interior al exterior An query with Laura Esquivel. Southwest Review. 79.4 (1994) 592-607. Valdez, Maria Elena. Verbal and Visual Representation of Women Como Agua Para Chocolate/Like Water for Chocolate. World Literature Today. 69.1 (1995)78-82.

Microprocessors :: essays research papers fc

Inside of the mysterious box that perches ominously on your desk is champion ofthe marvels of the modern terra firma. This marvel is also a total enigma to roughly ofthe population. This enigma is, of course, the microprocessor. To an averageobserver a microprocessor is simply a thin gather of black plastic that is foundinside of almost everything.In How Microprocessors Work they atomic number 18 defined as a computers central treat unit, usually contained on a single integrated circuit (Wyant andHammerstrom, 193). In plain English this simply means that a microprocessor isthe brain of a computer and it is only on one chip. Winn L. Rosch compares themto being an electronic combining weight of a knee-joint that when struck with theproper digital stimulus pass on act in the exact same way each time (Rosch,37).to a greater extent practically a microprocessor is multitudinous transistors squeezed onto assmall a piece of silicon as possible to do math problems as closely as poss ible.Microprocessors are made of many smaller components which all mouldtogether to make the chip work. A really good doctrine of analogy for the way the innerworkings of a chip operate arse be found in How Microprocessors Work. In theirbook, Wyant and Hammerstrom describe a microprocessor as a grinder and all ofthe inner workings of the chip as the various parts of a factory (Wyant andHammerstrom, 71-103). Basically a microprocessor give the gate be seen as a factorybecause like a factory it is sent something and is told what to do with it. Themicroprocessor factory processes info. This most basic unit of thisinformation is the tour. A bit is simply on or off. It is either a one or a zero.Bits are put into 8 bit groups called bytes. The number 8 is used because it isoffers enough combinations to encode our entire dustup (28=256). If only 4bits are used only (24=16) combinations would be possible. This is enough toencode 9 digits and some operations. (The first microprocessor s plycalculators) A half byte is called a nibble and consists of 4 bits. In the worldof computer graphics the combination of bits is easier seen. In computergraphics bits are used to make color combinations, thus with more bits more colour are possible. Eight bit graphics will display 256 colors, 16 bit willdisplay 65,536, and 24 bit graphics will display 16.7 million colors. The busunit is described as the tape drive dock because it controls data transfers, andfunctions between the individual pieces of the chip. The part of the chip that

Homophobia - Educating Against Heterosexism :: Teaching Education Essays

Homophobia. It is defined as an irrational aid of sexual minorities including gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and transexual individuals. It exists in our society, although at times it seems that our safe haven within the university bubble contains people that be both rational and meliorate preventing homophobia from becoming a reality. Denying that homophobia and discrimination based on sexual penchant are problems and identifying them as issues for other people can be exceedingly problematic. It is this type of thinking that perpetuates the status quo of heterosexual privilege. There have been several(prenominal) incidents in the past few weeks that have brought the existence of homophobia on our college campus and others as comfortably to the forefront of many peoples minds. The incidents subsequently mentioned abut the necessity of better education and understanding of sexual minorities not whole for their own advancement towards equality, but for the growth of hete rosexual individuals as swell up and progression away from the status quo.To bring home the bacon a truly realize and fulfilling educational experience at Colby and other similar schools it is necessary to provide educational materials on all lifestyles and examples of diversity that exists not only in our own culture, but others as well. I believe that facilitating this complete education experience leads to developing the individual mind morally as well as academically. I would argue that it is becoming more and more inherent for our schools to provide the means for the moral development of our youth and young adults. We are living in a society where we are constantly bombarded by messages from the media, church, and even family that normalize only one way of living. It is necessary for in that location to be at least one facilitator of expanded thinking in peoples lives and for many college students and youth this can be set in the world of academia.Although I believe incl usiveness of sexual minorities is essential to a successful education, I demand that an institution such as Colby demand to do even more than this. The inclusion of sexual minorities is only a part of the larger picture of what needs to be accomplished to configuration a diverse and accepting community here at Colby. The college needs to become an institutional ally. Colby needs to do more than passively check gay, lesbian, intersexed, transexual, transgender, and questioning (GLBITTQ) issues on campus, it needs to take a stand on these issues and demand that there is progress to begin to disrupt the institutionalized heterosexism that soon exists.

Wedding Speech - Best Woman or Maid of Honor :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech exceed Woman or Maid of HonorGood Evening For those of you who enduret know me, I am Sarah, Frankies slightly quondam(a) sister. I want to start by congratulating Frankie and Erik, and thanking all of you for coming hither today. I of course have known Frankie, a very, very immense time. Frankie and I have always been pretty some(prenominal) inseparable as long as I can remember and we have always managed to keep each other laughing. I vividly remember Frankie and I staying up until well past our bedtime, throwing stuffed animals at each other, talking about boys and laughing so potent at everything and anything. To this day Frankie is the only soul I know that can make me laugh so hard it hurts. Now, I of course have lots and lots of fun inept stories about herbut because it is her special day, I will leave her alone. save there is always ErikErik, Erik, Erik. The big bonus of Frankie and Erik dating as long as they have is that we have all gotten to know Erik actually well, really, really wellhe has become the big brother I neer had or wanted. But honestly he has really become a part of our family. He hunts, drinks beer, and wears flannel so it wasnt too much of a stretch. Now, I have been trying for weeks to come up with a single embarrassing story, something about meeting Erik for the prototypic time, or the first time he met our family, and frankly I came up with nothing. Erik has always been polite, kind, and unmated to everyoneEVERYONEfrankly man its a little spooky.

Sanity vs. Insanity :: essays research papers

Sanity vs. Insanity     Sanity is based on an individuals level of intelligence. The in his right mind(predicate) individual may envelop a straightforward amount of "book smarts". The sane may also be prompt learners, speedier typists, and fast workers. Does this make them better individuals?     The sane makes a mockery of those who ar different. They laugh at what they do not understand. The sane take utility of life. They are wasteful and inconsiderate. They are materialistic.      The insane spend their lives trying to understand. They gain for acceptance, and only want to blend in. A visit from a removed away relative is far more important than finding two-hundred dollars. running a race is more important than winning the marathon.     The sane pass on beat, kill, and steal to be on top. They want riches and fame. They strive for remark and honor at anyones expense. The sane are un stoppable. They know everything. They are you and I on days when we have to be at work on time. Move out the way Youre driving too slow It doesnt librate that we had to take limited time to jerk off our hair together. It doesnt matter that we forgot to break frock, and had to take extra time in finding something to wear.     The insane get up early for work. They ask for assistance in getting their clothes together to mirror you and I. They cherish each precious moment of life. The extra time on the highway lets them notice their surroundings. How the rain sounds when it drops on the windowpane shield. How moist the ground will feel against their shoes. They also notice that unfounded person in the political machine behind them that keeps blowing his/her horn. That person who yells profanities out of their car window. The insane are unable to control their emotions and are easily hurt.     However, the sane allow their emotions to contr ol them and take advantage of other people. They speed nigh the van and slam breaks. They require constant attention.

Implications of Internet Censorship Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Abstract This paper deals with the ethical and social implications inherent in filtering cognitive contentedness online. As exposure to the Internet penetrates deeper into mainstream lives across all demo computer graphic groups, at that place has been increased concern about the ability of children to obtain access to printed and graphic material believed to be detrimental to their development and/or well-being. Not only could this material be reasond to be damaging, it could possibly lead children to act violently or maliciously towards others. Proponents of filtering objectionable content argue that through such(prenominal) means order of magnitude will be able to utilize the top executive of the Internet to acquire information, while still adhering to certain community set regarding the welfare of children. Numerous critics of this argument claim that by filtering Internet content, society would be crippling individuals right to use the power of the Internet for free-spe ech. They argue that not only will unregulated speech be discouraged, still that the means for filtering are themselves inherently imperfect, often restricting worthwhile content from reputable queries. While not a complete solution to the dilemma, mayhap enforcing an instituted rating system on web pages might be an efficacious means for working past the unpredictable nature of content filters. precisely one decade ago few could prolong envisioned a world where scientists, business professionals, media agencies, activist groups, and children all over the globe would have access to equal common material via an online medium. Originally started as a small interconnected network for government agencies, educational institutions, and computer researchers to work information, the Internet has permeated the daily ... ...n Law Firm, http//www.fmew.com/archive/censor/. The Internet Police. http//www.internet-police.co.uk/aims.html. schooling about Labeling and Rating Systems. Mas sachusetts Institute of Technology. http//www.mit.edu/activities/safe/labeling/summary.html. Communications Decency Act, bumpkin. http//dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Issues_and_Causes/Civil_Rights/Censorship/Internet_Censorship/Communications_Decency_Act/. Communications DecencyAmendment (full text of final language passed by the u.s. senate on June 14, 1995). http//www.prognet.com/contentp/rabest/thebill.html. Internet Indecency and Communications Decency Act, University of Texas. http//www.gslis.utexas.edu/cjyoung/. Net filters strain to block sites, cnetNews.com, http//password.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-4833800.html?tag=st.cn.1.lthd