An Analysis of “1984” by Orson Welles Essay

Back during the time of World War II, paranoia swept across the globe. Hitler, brainwashing thousands of people into fighting for him, nearly defeated all who opposed him. Had he succeeded in his mission, a fascist government system would have formed, greatly inhibiting the rights and privileges of the general populace. George Orwell wrote 1984 to demonstrate the horror this system would bring. Using setting, characters, and conflict, Orwell uses this book to portray the theme of raw, unrefined humanity, and its ability to rise above a corrupt and confining evil of an enemy. Orwell distorts the idea of Utopia, an ideal society where human beings live a perfect existence, and creates a fictional setting in which life is extremely bad from oppression, deprivation of rights, and terror. Fear is used as a tool for manipulating and controlling individuals, and nearly every positive feeling is squelched. The world is divided into three political countries: Oceania, Eastasia, and Eurasia. Each of these states is ruled by a totalitarian government and is constantly warring on multiple fronts. Using the terrifying atmosphere of the archaic world, Orwell creates the illusion that Winston has nowhere to escape the oppression. Winston is forced to live within his present circumstances; able to change where he lives, yet unable to change how he lives. Oceania’s political structure contained three segments: the ruling class, the educated workers, and the working class. Orwell, being a socialist, realized that with class distinctions came class struggle. The ruling class, consisting of the wealthy and powerful, was only two percent of the population. In Hitler’s Germany, the very few people who were considered part of the ruling class had a more luxurious lifestyle that the masses, yet in this nation, as in 1984, revolt was inevitable. The conflict between Winston and O’Brien is another way Orwell shows how a society can try to brainwash a person into believing the impossible. For instance, O’Brien wants Winston to believe that two plus two is five, going  against all the laws of mathematics Winston has studied all his life. O’Brien is one of the top leaders in the Inner Party, and may even be part of a hive that creates the idea of Big Brother. When O’Brien reveals himself as a representative of the Party and all of its contradictions and cruelty, Winston discards all feelings of friendship and suddenly becomes his enemy. This action directly relates to the theme in how if humanity is confronted with evil, every ounce of effort will be used to resist. Doublethink, the ability to hold two opposing ideas in someone’s mind at the same time, is forced into Winston by O’Brien, only confusing him further. If only Winston had accepted the doctrines of the Party, his life would have been spared. Instead, Winston is murdered because of his individuality, ensuring the inability to spread his idealistic views to the public, hungry for freedom and escape from oppression. Winston Churchill was the exalted leader of England during World War II. One must consider why Orwell gives the name â€Å"Winston Smith† to his main character. The name Winston stands for the individuality, uniqueness, and greatness of the character, while Smith stands for the regularity of such a person. In the failing governmental system in 1984, even the greatest person can be shoved aside and told to work in a menial job, negating all hope of ever reaching his full potential. Because Winston is so common, so real, it is easy to identify with him and to imagine being in his shoes. Winston embodies the values of a civilized society: peace, freedom, democracy, love, and decency. When Winston is killed, these things are destroyed with him. He represents the struggle between good and evil, and there is no mistaking where the lines are drawn. A Totalitarian government does not permit these characteristics in their citizens, therefore insisting upon Winston’s death. George Orwell wrote about 1984 in 1948, and the ideals he introduced can still be applied in the present. Although Winston dies at the end, Orwell is trying to show the stubbornness of human nature. We cannot forget that above all, individuality must be expressed, or the common man will have no reason, or desire, to live.

Politics of Volkswagen Essay

One can be forgiven for overlooking the categories of cars when asked about politics in one’s country – they seemed too commonplace and mundane to be considered anything political. In the mainstream thought, cars are a means of transportation, to travel from one point to another. Some conservationists may argue on the environmental agenda, while others may think of cars as one of the main industries driving the economy. Nothing more is thought of these mean machines that move the world. Yet, the history cars possess has political backgrounds, given that they were considered technological advancements in their early days. Using Volkswagen as the main case study, this paper will examine cars in a political-visual aspect and the impact they have on the people through the ages. It will also consider the consequences of the car – the economical impact by the car industry, environmental impact by the car and the different law and policies enacted for the car and the us ers. Last but not least, the iconic Volkswagen Beetle will be featured and explained on its influence on the lives of many. As this paper attempts to cover a lot of ground, the focus will be on the impact by Volkswagen on the world. The History of Volkswagen The Fà ¼hrer addressed the nation on the Volkswagen. It is understood that the term ‘Volkswagen’ was a brainchild of Adolf Hitler, the Fà ¼hrer of the Nazi Germany. However, what is less understood is how Volkswagen came about. The supposed ‘People’s Car’ was more than political rhetoric; it was a determination in Hitler’s political ambitions to provide the car to the masses in a time where the Car was out of reach and seemingly for the elite. Although there were cars from the rival companies, like the Mercedes 170H, the Volkswagen was a car company started off from scratch, fueled by the designs by the Chief Designer, Dr. Ferdinand Porsche. Brought together by a car salesman, Jakob Werlin, both Hitler and Porsche discussed ideas of this new project that the Nazi government was willing to embark on. Though there were strong skepticism from the Society of German Automobile Manufacturers and the preparations were taking longer than usual, the interest for the Volkswagen never died down. Herr Wilhe lm von Opel, the owner of the Volkswagen’s rival Opel, produced a similar car for the mass public in 1936. Hitler quickly doused water on the Opel project by taking its key supplies of iron and steel under the control of Nazi government, thus making the 1,000 Marks Volkswagen Project a possibility. Along with the Nazi might, the Volkswagen project was rolling with estate, funds and supplies from the Nazi Government. The Fà ¼hrer and committee were led around on the inspection of the Volkswagen. The significance of Volkswagen as a car project is of huge importance here. The term ‘People’s Car’ was no longer a catchphrase for the politicians; it was not bait for the people, but something tangible for the people to admire and work towards. This worked well with the Germans – they were under hard times and the conceptualization of a People’s Car would be the best form of motivation to work hard to join the ranks of developed nations after the double fiasco of World War 1 reparations and the Great Depression. Towards the end of the decade, exhibitions of the car prototypes were present throughout every Nazi parade, giving the German people hope that they soon could afford the car. Never has an image of a car fuelled public hopes, this contributed to a fervent support for the Nazi rule. The Prototypes: The three ready-made prototypes for public viewing. The Volkswagen Project was almost dead at the end of the World War, but for a Major Ivan Hirst and Dr. Heinz Nordhoff, who later became the Managing Director of Volkswagen. The Nazi Government no longer existed; the political mantra behind the project was no longer applicable. The name was also no longer linked to the Nazi government, although its history was steeped in the Nazi programs. Yet, despite all these, the Volkswagen brand and group went to influence the world in different ways, sticking strictly to the philosophy behind its name – the People’s Car. Visuals of Volkswagen Throughout the decades of Volkswagen, the strong advertisements and pictorials of Volkswagen proved popular with people around the world, starting with Germany. The early days of Volkswagen was during the Hitler period and he managed to get 300,000 Germans to sign up for the â€Å"Strength-through-Joy† (Kraft Durch Freude) savings scheme for the Volkswagen. Although this did not result in any form of Volkswagen supplied, it was an indication on how strong the demand for the Volkswagen was. English translation: 5 Marks a week you need to save, if you want to own a car. The poster all around Nazi Germany was like the above, where the â€Å"Strength-through-Joy† movement was in place. The savings scheme was a motivation to achieve the desired People’s Car and for a lot of the working class Germans, this proved to be hugely popular. English Translation: â€Å"Strength-through-Joy† Calendar 1939. The Calendar was one of the many tools to get the Germans interested in the Volkswagen. After the revival of the company, the phenomenon spread to America, where the impression of Volkswagen was hugely popular with the middle-class folks. This set the impression that the Volkswagen was indeed a People’s Car. The association with diplomats increased the prestige of the Volkswagen. Volkswagen has brought prestige, once associated with the elites, down to the man on the street. Volkswagen was known to have such teasing ad designs in America, and was not afraid to include celebrities or bring in creative artwork with cheeky descriptions. This escalated the Volkswagen brand to a cult, with different subcultures following it, namely the â€Å"Hippies† movement with the Volkswagen Beetle. Volkswagen, with its range of iconic cars, managed to inspire liberalist thinking amongst the people while ensuring the capitalist ideal existed – hard-earned money for a well-deserved reward. The Symbol of Volkswagen The Volkswagen Logo over the years The symbol of Volkswagen has not visibly changed much over the years, as the recognizable â€Å"VW† has been the signature of the brand. The â€Å"Strength-through-Joy† logo had similarities to the Nazi swastika when it first came out, heavily associating it with the brand of Nazi programs. When the British took over, the car logo was kept along with the name, despite it being a Nazi relic as any form of car was not presented to the people under the Nazi rule and no other company wanted to take over the company, given the â€Å"ugly† design of the renamed Volkswagen Beetle. Since then, the Volkswagen brand has become the third largest automobile firm in the world. When people see the Volkswagen logo, they think of the superiority of the car made affordable to the people rather than its Nazi past. The Impact of Volkswagen Through clever marketing and a strong ethos, the Volkswagen philosophy managed to sell well to the people. Yet, there is an underlying political message to be derived from the sale of Volkswagen cars, the ideal People’s Car. Having a Volkswagen on the street would represent the reality of the common man achieving his dreams of finally owning one. This would represent a political message on two different grounds – the governmental and the individual. One of the definitions of the rich was to own a car. The car would represent the luxury of being affluent – the comfort, the convenience and the social status. The masses could only look on with envy as they proceeded on with their daily lives looking at the rich in shiny transportation while the rich looked down on them from high carriages. This impression struck a chord in the common man’s mind while he raged a revolution in different places – turning monarchies into anything but it. As such, governmen ts would like to ensure that the population would not throw a revolution – the symbol of a Volkswagen would provide a perfect crowd pleaser to the population then. For the government these days, the appeal of Volkswagen still exists: the existence of a Volkswagen in many countries still provides the same effect on the people – it’s their car. As long as the Volkswagen is on the street, the government has done their ‘supposed’ job to provide cheap transportation to the people. To the people, beyond the dreams of owning a car, the Volkswagen represents a capitalist dream. The Hitler years notwithstanding, the modern Volkswagen represents a new class of citizens, who will be rewarded with what they have earned thus far. From the above visuals, the brand Volkswagen brings about a new breed of ideal citizens – the ones that capitalism will reward. The individual is now laden with a hope of owning a car and that to own the â€Å"People’s Car†, one will have to abide by the laws of capitalism to achieve the ‘dream’. Working hard to earn the income to pay for the price for the car, it has bro ught about the capitalist dream to the people in the subtlest of ways. Economical Impact of Cars The impact of automobile industry has affected the entire world – whether it’s through the factories that the car firms set up in America, Germany, Japan or Thailand or through the different industries spawned or assisted by the automobile industry. The significance of the economical impact of cars cannot be discounted. With reference to Volkswagen, the understanding of economical impact of cars visually will be split amongst two different groups: the government and the different complementing industries. From the point of view of the government, the car industry presents itself as a huge economy boost. The once-thriving Detroit, the car town of America, was a major industry with huge employment rates, driven by the huge American consumer market, where over three quarters of the 200 million automobiles are cars. The view of fully filled car parks waiting for the export ships to port was a sight to behold – it represented a view of the bustling economy. For Volkswagen, an entire city was constructed for the birth of Volkswagen. Wolfsburg, once a countryside village, was transformed into the headquarters for Volkswagen. Workers came from all over and settled into Wolfsburg to work for Volkswagen, and before long, it was the heart of Volkswagen operations. To build a city from scratch needs planning and labor – this provides employment and opportunity for a lot of people. Thus the sight of a Volkswagen brand has generated economy for the government; in a political way, it has ensured one of the main employment sectors and economic boost. For the other industries, the car industry has provided a suitable complement to their business. The more obvious examples are the petrol industries, where the cars are dependent on them for energy sources. The less obvious examples – the music industry (where radios in the cars are necessary these days), the drive-through industry and the entertainment industry (to launch their new cars) are all part of the economic industry that depends on the car industry for some form of economic dependence. As such, the visual of cars on the streets give the economy a boost, especially with the other industries. Environmental Impact of Cars Cars have a disastrous impact on the environment – being largely responsible for smog and toxic air pollutants, not to mention the world’s increasing dependence on foreign oil makes it one of the top pollutants around the world today. The sight of cars emitting harmful smoke has led to the vocal political opposition in governments worldwide. Despite the best efforts of the car industry, there is no suitable alternative energy fuel to compensate the current form of fuel consumption – diesel and petrol. However, this has created an impetus to search for cheaper and more valuable engines, which will provide better â€Å"miles-per-gallon† formula. For Volkswagen, this has resulted in the TDI technology, where the fuel is consumed when needed. The TDI technology has won accolades for saving fuel – the most efficient cars on the road run on diesel are by Volkswagen TDI Diesel Engine. Volkswagen went one step further – they implemented Volkswagen Think Blueâ„ ¢, a drive to find the cleanest alternative energy consumption that would be sustainable for its engines. Pushing the limit for the fuel consumption while searching for the next alternative fuel for the car, they managed to achieve an understanding of sustainability and progress in environmental terms. This underlines Volkswagen’s environmental considerations while providing progress to the people. The People’s Car is seen under different light – it is environmentally friendly while pushing for progress. And while it may offend the petrol heads, the Volkswagen is trying to be an environmentally friendly car, which puts it in line with the beliefs of the Democrats. Das Auto: Respecting the law. The Volkswagen Beetle was made to travel the Autobahn, the fastest highway on the planet without any speed limit. Hitler’s vision of allowing cheap fast transport for the masses was to be realized with the Volkswagen and the Autobahn. Unfortunately, the rest of the world did not have such laws in place and to regulate the traffic, they installed rules and laws. The first of all traffic laws was the limitation of speed – this was to prevent unnecessary casualty. The introduction of non-horse carriages came to light – the first of all vehicles was a steam-powered carriage – the need for safety of those not driving was present. As such, over the years, the governments sought to reduce speed in all manners – on the highways, on the roads and on the dashboard. As promising as the technology from the car industry, there would be a speed limit for all vehicles. This was to prevent the race for speed and allow the progress of the automobile done safely. Other policies include the limitations of vehicles in densely populated place – the use of ERP and COE in Singapore and the taxes levied on vehicles. These were to prevent the rampant sale of vehicles while keeping the country free from the overcrowding. The Automobile Icon: Volkswagen Beetle The best is kept for last: the iconic Volkswagen Beetle, which has been the longest production vehicle (from 1938 – 2003 on one design) with sales of more than 21 million. This recognizable car has its own movie and spawned movements, along with generations to embrace the Volkswagen Beetle as part of their lives. In this section, the Volkswagen Beetle will be examined politically as a cultural icon with its impact on the political arena. The Volkswagen Beetle â€Å"ugly† design – one that was unconventional different and from the pre-WWII days – was a signature icon that lasted through the decades. Volkswagen’s refusal to change the design of the Beetle led to many modifications from the owners. As seen below, the popular culture took over with the designs in the 60’s. The customizable feature of the Beetle allowed the freedom of expression, in which the Hippie culture of the 60’s took full advantage of. The freedom of expression has always been a part of the American Constitution and it took a liberal turn with the Hippie Culture. Notwithstanding the sex, drugs of that period, the Hippie Culture was a liberalizing process for the population to air their views. These views were of a peace-making, pacifist nature and they were in support of non-violence, civil rights and anti-nuclear armament movements. The Volkswagen Beetles with their decorated colors were a symbol of that political statement. A television series, â€Å"Herbie†, featuring the Volkswagen Beetle as a racing car with human emotions, popularized the car. Although this was not the only car that was featured in films, the very nature of the Beetle shown to have human feelings was a personification of the car. From the television and film series, the character of Volkswagen Beetle was further defined: determined with a colorful personality. This created an impression on the younger generation then that the car was a cool factor – it made them want a car in their lives. The implications were that these children grew up needing cars and created a population who rather give up their voting rights than driving license. The specifications of the Volkswagen Beetle also came into focus. The numerous races and rallies that it went for and achieved results became a cult in its own right. Given that the Beetle was never made for racing, this has led to many thinking that the Beetle is multi-functional despite the ugly nature. The engine, simple yet effective, is also adjustable to modifications. This feature of the car has created a Volkswagen Beetle sub-culture, one where even as the old Volkswagen model is no longer in production, the owners of Volkswagen regularly meet up to showcase their re-tuned and refined Volkswagen Beetles. Translate this into an understanding of visual politics: the cult of Volkswagen Beetle is an example of a loyal following of unwavering belief and given in the previous paragraphs we have deduced that the followers are liberal in principle, the conclusion is that the Volkswagen Beetle is a symbol of liberal views. Conclusion: Having seen the impact of Volkswagen around the world, one would really wonder if Major Ivan Hirst were not to revive the company and let it pass, would the world be the same today? Throughout the years of Volkswagen existence, there have been many movements, many political undertones derived from the sheer existence of Volkswagen on the street. The Hippie Culture, the racing mentality, the liberal ideals and the capitalist principles – all of which points to a subliminal messaging by the presence of a Volkswagen on the street. No other car has invoked so many different views in the world today. There are other aspects of Volkswagen not touched in this paper – especially the impact of Volkswagen in the future. Given that the future of automobiles is very volatile, Volkswagen may have a different feel and visual understanding in the future. As of now, the brand of Volkswagen is still the People’s Car, one that all should have if they work hard enough for it. Thus, it is apt that the tagline of Volkswagen today is Das Auto – the Car. Bibliography: Books Cited: Anderson, Curtis D., and Judy Anderson. Electric and Hybrid Cars: a History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. Print. Ginsburg, Douglas H., and William J. Abernathy. Government, Technology, and the Future of the Automobile. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. Print. Hopfinger, K. B. The Volkswagen Story. Henley on Thames: Foulis, 1971. Print. Keller, Maryann. Collision GM, Toyota, Volkswagen and the Race to Own the 21st Century. New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993. Print. Luger, Stan. Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print. Packer, Jeremy. Mobility without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. Print. Paterson, Matthew. Automobile Politics: Ecology and Cultural Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print. Redshaw, Sarah. In the Company of Cars: Driving as a Social and Cultural Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. Print. Pictures Used: Great VW Ads, â€Å"Remember those great Volkswagen ads?†, Retrieved 15th October 2011, from Volks World (29th January 2009) Adolf Hitler – Rare Photos, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from Websites: US Department of Energy, 2011 Best and Worst MPG Cars, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from Volkswagen, TDI Academy: Tackling TDI technology, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Incidentally, he was the man behind another great car company, Porsche, with a similar rear-engine car model. [ 2 ]. Hopfinger, K. B. The Volkswagen Story. Henley on Thames: Foulis, 1971, pp 62 – 67 [ 3 ]. Ibid, pp 96 – 97 [ 4 ]. Volks World (29th January 2009) Adolf Hitler – Rare Photos, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from [ 5 ]. Volks World (29th January 2009) Adolf Hitler – Rare Photos, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from [ 6 ]. Hopfinger, K. B. The Volkswagen Story. Henley on Thames: Foulis, 1971, pp 142 – 152 [ 7 ]. Ibid, pp 98. [ 8 ]. Great VW Ads, â€Å"Remember those great Volkswagen ads?†, Retrieved 15th October 2011, from [ 9 ]. Great VW Ads, â€Å"Remember those great Volkswagen ads?†, Retrieved 15th October 2011, from [ 10 ]. Hippie Culture [ 11 ]. http://www.neatorama.com/2008/02/18/evolution-of-car-logos/ [ 12 ]. Case in point: the countries in Central and South America. [ 13 ]. Great VW Ads, â€Å"Remember those great Volkswagen ads?†, Retrieved 15th October 2011, from [ 14 ]. Luger, Stan. Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2000, pp 9 [ 15 ]. Hopfinger, K. B. The Volkswagen Story. Henley on Thames: Foulis, 1971, pp 106 – 112 [ 16 ]. The higher the value for mpg – the better the fuel consumption of the vehicle. [ 17 ]. Volkswagen, TDI Academy: Tackling TDI technology, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from [ 18 ]. US Department of Energy, 2011 Best and Worst MPG Cars, Retrieved 31st October 2011, from [ 19 ]. Luger, Stan. Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2000, pp 12 [ 20 ]. Great VW Ads, â€Å"Remember those great Volkswagen ads?†, Retrieved 15th October 2011, from

Acrobatics Workshop Essay Example for Free

Acrobatics Workshop Essay ? No matter which figures or pyramids are being tried, the facilitator must make sure that there are â€Å"catchers† present to prevent injuries. Participants should be instructed how to catch one another and to take responsibility for others in the group.  1. Description of the activity  Part 1 – Warming Up & Trust Exercises  A. The participants are put into pairs. One partner becomes a guide, the other becomes â€Å"blind†. The guide takes their blind partner for a walk (around the grounds, over obstacles, etc. ) while holding hands. After some minutes the partners change roles. Variations: Follow the same steps as above, but have the seeing partner lead with only one finger. Alternatively, have the seeing partner lead using only their voice – no physical contact between partners.  B. In pairs, participants stand face to face with their feet together and holding hands. Each person leans back carefully with full body strength by stretching their arms. The challenge is to maintain balance.  C. All participants stand together in a circle and hold hands. Count off into 1’s and 2’s. On the signal, using all their strength, the 1’s lean inside while the 2’s lean outside. After a few seconds, carefully pull back into a normal circle and then change (2’s inside, 1’s outside). D. In small groups (3-7 persons), one person stands in the middle of a circle. Standing stiff and without moving their feet, the one in the middle â€Å"falls† from one person to another and is slowly passed around inside the circle. After some moments, change roles. Give everyone a chance to be in the middle.  Variation: you can also do this with just three persons. The one in the middle is slowly passed forward and backwards between two persons. Part 2 – Stretching  Before trying actual figures, it is important to warm up the joints and the muscles. Gently stretch legs, arms, neck, and shoulders. Don’t forget to pay attention to the wrists and ankles, too.  Part 3 – First Acrobatic Steps  3A. Napoleon (3 persons):  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The first person goes down and takes the â€Å"bench† position; the second person goes up and forms a bench on top of the first person (see diagram 4)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The first person goes down and takes bench position; second person goes up and stands on the shoulders and hip of the bench. Keeping their balance, the bench slowly starts to walk forwards on their hands and knees (see diagram 10). (Remember – you must NEVER stand in the middle of the bench’s back, only on their shoulders and hips!) The third person is always the â€Å"catcher† for the person who is â€Å"up†.  3B. Knee stands (4 persons)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The first person goes down and takes the bench position; second person sits down on the bench’s hips (facing bench’s feet); taking the second person’s hands, third person goes up and stands on second person’s knees (keep holding hands). If second and third person can balance on their own, the bench can walk away, leaving the two in balance position. The fourth person is the catcher. 3C. Galion figure (4 persons)  Ã‚  The same as 3B (above), but second and third person open op their arms on one side and look in the same direction. (You still need the fourth person as catcher.)  Part 4 – Pyramids and standing on shoulders  Once participants have grasped the basic steps, they can proceed onto building pyramids and making new shapes (see diagrams in section D â€Å"Some Pyramids†).  2. General remarks  Who can do acrobatics? Acrobatics can be used with groups of all ages: teenagers, adults, even children from 4 or 5 years of age. It is important to include the warming up and trust-building exercises, especially if the people in the group do not know each other very well. Stretching and warming-up the muscles is important to avoid accidents. Everyone in the group should be taught the catcher’s tasks. The group has to take responsibility for itself – it is up to everyone to look out for one another. Why use acrobatics?  Acrobatics is a perfect method for team-building at any age. It’s good to learn to give and to take help from one another. Even if you have only a short amount of time, participants can learn amazing things like building pyramids or standing on shoulders. Acrobatics can help people learn about taking responsibility for others but also about respecting limits (their own and other person’s). The atmosphere in the workshop should allow participants to say if they don’t want to try a certain figure or activity. An extra touch  If you have more time (e.g. the group stays together several days), the participants can put together a presentation. This is a great way for the group to show off what they have learned (especially good for children and young adults).  Accessibility  Some groups may have specific needs (e.g. older participants or individuals with physical or mental disabilities), but these are not reasons for people to be excluded. For example, past experiments with acrobatics has shown that it’s possible to include people who might be missing a limb or even those in wheelchairs. There may be some limits, but in most cases it just takes some fantasy to create new forms and figures which include all members of the group. 3. Literature  There are many resources to be found describing acrobatics and other circus activities. Two of these include:  1. Rudi Ballreich, Udo v. Grabowiecki (Hg.), Zirkus spielen. Ein Handbuch, 1999 Stuttgart/Leipzig. Not only about acrobatics but all circus skills you can use with young people, tips for presentation as well. (German language)  2. J.M. Fodero/E.E. Furblur, Creating Gymnastics, Pyramids and Balances. Leisure Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1989. This book focuses only on acrobatics and has a great amount of drawings for figures for 2 persons up to pyramids with 15 or more persons. For beginners to advanced. You can find some figures presented in the book on the Internet: http://www.mypage.bluewin.ch/mmc/akro/bkd7.html. (A German-language edition of this book is available under the title Menschenpyramiden.) Acrobatics Workshop. (2017, Sep 26).

Money and happiness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money and happiness - Research Paper Example Also, it has been observed that with an increase in the wealth of a state, the individual happiness hasn’t increased to the same extent. Thus, it may be concluded that happiness increases with the increase in wealth but not at the same rate. To further analyze the argument, the works of Kesebir, Easterlin and Lane will be studied so that logical conclusion can be deduced. Kesebir (6) explores the rationale and logic behind happiness; that is how to find true happiness and what truly comprises of the notion of happiness. He is of the view that the idea of happiness has evolved over the years where it was equated with luck during the Homeric era, transformed to pleasure during the enlightenment era and can be equated with an act as little as owning a warm puppy in the contemporary era. However, the idea of happiness in its essence may not be as simple as that. In this context, over time contrasting views have been presented to explain what may constitute a happy life. Democritus argued that happiness is more of one`s state of mind, while Socrates and Plato disagree with this presumption and rather ought to give an objective meanings to happiness, i.e. virtue and goodness of life. On the other hand, the hellinistic view disregards virtue as a yardstick of happiness. In the enlightenment era, when a more secular shape was regarded to the concept of happi ness, ideas like maximum utility and pleasure principal began over-shadowing the explanation to what may be called a happy life. Though the philosophers in the field agree on the difficulty associated with the idea of understanding the true definition of happiness, they have come up with a few parameters which may help in explaining the concept. Kesebir (8) regards that these parameters include life satisfaction, satisfaction with significant domains of life, positive effect and lower levels of negative effect.

Major Components and Guidelines for Developing a Master Plan of Essay - 1

Major Components and Guidelines for Developing a Master Plan of Evaluation - Essay Example Mr. Smith; The significant groups of individuals involved are the government of the particular country, the chief executive officer of the institution, the head of curriculum development, student leader among others. It depends on the urgency of the situation; for instance, the CEO will be play the focal role in this process ; hence will be required to connect aptly with other parties especially the government. This is to ensure that the process is legal and follows the policies and rules set aside. The data finding will recorded and analyzed later in regards to the place and individual the data was collected from. In this field only variables data are experienced and ought to relate with one another. The most essential requirement prior to the development of any master plan of evaluation is the compliance to the pre-set rules and regulations governing the nursing sector. This is because these standards boost quality in service delivery and discipline. In addition, this compliance creates confidence of the stakeholders in the nursing fraternity because of the quality of service in nursing and the involvement of the international nursing bodies in the assessment of the compliance of the sector to the set standards. Nurses undergo programs tailored at offering proper training to have delivery of quality service. These programs include the master plan of evaluation in the training. The plan acquaints the nurses with the necessary information regarding the nursing career. For instance, it highlights the areas of the faculty that need evaluation. This includes methods to be employed in the evaluation. The type of people to participate in the process is anchored in the plan. The action plans required to give feedback on the various inferences made with regard to boosting the quality in nursing service delivery. In addition, the master plan evaluation helps in the

Type 2 Diabetes Among Latinas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Type 2 Diabetes Among Latinas - Research Paper Example These findings also show that the association between type-2 diabetes and food insecurity in this population are due to certain mechanisms including physical activity, dietary intake, SES, obesity and cigarette smoking but negative association with meal skipping and alcohol drinking. This model also showed less significant association of Latina’s depressive symptoms, BMI, nutritional knowledge, interaction, education, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation, marital status, and access to car and cigarette smoking to likelihood of getting type-2 diabetes. Latinas with High depression levels and those with low nutritional knowledge also had high food insecurity and those who were food secure had good nutritional knowledge as well as low depressions and were not participating in SNAP. The findings also showed that depression scores increased with increasing severity of food security with scores of 14.7 for food security, 24.2 low food security and 28.2 for very low food security (Fitzgerald et al, 2011). Fitzgerald et al’s â€Å"Food insecurity is related to increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Latinas focused on examining the relationship between food security and type-2 diabetes among Latino Americans. While the investigators clearly outline the aim of the study, they have not stated clearly what the problem is as well as the hypothesis. In this kind of study, it is important to outline the epidemiological problem that warrants the investigation. As stated by Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt (2011), a clear research question is important since it provides the researcher with direction so as to focus on specific answers to the research question. Gerrishet al (2011) also noted that a clear statement of the epidemiological problem should clearly state the condition, population of interest, the comparison or control, the population of interest, intervention and the outcome measure

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example For instance, information of an organization needs to be protected and is the ultimate responsibility of the board of director for which they are also liable. We have selected a small medium enterprise called as ‘Wizni Incorporated’ this is transformed from a traditional IT service to a cloud service provider. The Information technology architecture of the company incorporates three components i.e. business analytics expertise, along with the provision of a quality cloud hosting provider. Likewise, the core competency of Wizni Inc. is business analytics. Moreover, the company is delivering business analytics bundled with powerful systems enabling their clients to make efficient decision making. Wizni Incorporated provides state of the art analytics solutions for empowering organizations to utilize business intelligence required for making efficient decision making. The company provides Business intelligence deployments that facilitate ease of discovery, patterns hidden i n IT systems, applications and unstructured data. The business analytics products are DIFEEâ„ ¢ (data-inference and federation engine) and Score IT. DIFEE is used for virtualization and Score IT is used for data mining, model scoring and life cycle management. Furthermore, IBM Cognos Express is also a first integrated business intelligence tool that is precisely developed and acquired by the company to meet customer requirements. The tool is bundled with critical reporting, scorecard, analysis, budgeting, forecasting dashboard and customization features and capabilities for the small medium enterprises at an affordable cost without large associated investments. Moreover, the tool incorporates a pre-configured solution that is very easy for installation and use for the end users. The transition of this new powerful cloud solution is approved by the board on the basis of gaining competitive edge among small medium enterprises within the region. Previously, there was no growth in cl ientele and after implementing the cloud based solution, clientele sky rocketed and stakeholders were satisfied at the same time ready to invest in the technological solution. On the other hand, cloud computing also reflects significant risks, principal risks of cloud computing is associated with federal agencies and regulations. Any vulnerability found in the software, platform or infrastructure of the vendors will expose serious exposures, as information may be related to more than one organization. Moreover, employees working internally on the cloud computing premises of ‘Business Cloud’ may also expose a serious threat if no proper background employee checks were performed during recruitment procedures. Furthermore, if any governmental agencies for instance, military or other sensitive body is also using the same cloud from the same vendor is also most likely to be compromised, if any breach of any one of these fundamental concepts Confidentiality, Integrity and Ava ilability is successful. In addition, the incident response function may not be efficient and effective if any incident occurs and affect the customer or employee. For instance, if a security incident affects the customer, the incident response function of the organization will trigger in a timely manner to isolate and investigate the root cause via root cause analysis. In a cloud computing scenario, it may be a different case and result

Genetic Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetic Engineering - Research Paper Example Nature has the inherent ability to produce a new combination of genes through the process of natural sexual reproduction. However the number of combinations that can be produced is small due to limitations in sexual reproduction mechanism. Through the process of genetic engineering innumerable genes can be shuffled from a variety of organisms and used for the production of novel and economically viable traits (Genetic Engineering). This process was initially developed for the production of genetically modified foods that had resistance against pesticides and which provided higher yields. Genetic engineering allows for bulk production of substances which could be an economically viable option in cases where conventional process required to produce the same compound are expensive. This technology is now being widely used for the commercial production of enzymes, antibodies, crops, drugs and vaccines. In addition, several genetically modified organisms such as insects, bacteria, plants, livestock, fishes and animals are also being produced through this process that is not otherwise possible through natural means (Epstein; Abbas, Lasekan and Khalil). Though the technology has ushered in the production of organisms, crops and drugs with unique properties major interest groups within the society believe that genetic engineering is a threat to mankind as there are several grave consequences associated with the development. One of the main concerns is the ability of this technology to disrupt the natural ecosystems and the environment. All the genetically modified organisms such as plants, animals and microbes would further reproduce and mutate to give rise to ne life forms and all of these could cause irreversible changes to the natural ecosystems and environment (Epstein). Most of the genetic engineering work is carried out through the use of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology that employs vectors such as plasmids or viruses to transfer the

Inquiring Minds Want to Know - Now Case Coursework

Inquiring Minds Want to Know - Now Case - Coursework Example The other research question could be, should the company retain the reader services cards in it future advertisement services? Investigative questions: How does the current trend in the number of reader service card subscribers compare with the recent past? What are the alternative services being used by the clients and how can the alternative methods be implemented in Penton Media to enhance its advertising revenue returns? 2. Ethical issues relevant to this case study. The ethical principles of confidentiality, privacy and individual autonomy emerge as the most relevant issues in this case study. Since the company investigates individual customer behaviors and views, it is therefore, ethically obliged to ensure that its finding remain confidential and are not exposed to other people other than for the company’s use only. In this case, the company committed itself to respect the principles of confidentiality and privacy in handling the participants’ responses (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). On the other hand, the company must seek the consent of the participants before sharing its findings with the rest of the company stakeholders. The findings should remains anonymous from the point of collection to its analysis in which no identification should be given for responses provided. Researchers must present the research findings without any form of biasness or manipulation of the results to suite certain expectations. 3. Describe the sampling plan. Analyze its strengths and weaknesses? Researchers in this study applied the unrestrictive random sampling plan in which different sample were drawn from the company’s database of 1.7million subscribers. A small sample of 300 subscribers was then used for the mail survey pretest. Researchers are also used the stratified disproportionate random sampling to draw another sample of 4,000 participants including executives, managers, purchasing agents and engineers from the company’s database(Cooper & S chindler, 2010). Some weaknesses can identified with sampling plan including the possibility of locking out some participants that could provide important information about the problem faced by the company. The use of self-reporting questionnaires provides participants with the freedom to present their views although resulted in significant reduction of the targeted sample. The use of mail surveys in form of questionnaires made the collection data less costly and time consuming. 4. Describe the research design? The research design involved in this study was the multistage design in which different samples and different phenomena were studied in the same study. The study entailed the pretests and the main study. The first study established the views of subscribers through questionnaires and phone surveys, then a selected sample of 300 subscribers and finally a sample of 4000 participants selected from the company’s leadership (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). 5. Critique the survey used for the study The survey did not reflect the actual situation in the publication market segment because the sample was drawn from the company’s database comprising of its clients rather than obtain information about the market. Therefore, segmentation of the sample population limited the information obtained from the study. The study also had a significantly high error margin of +- 4% which raises issues of reliability and validity of the data obtained (Cooper & Schindle

Barack Obamas Presidential Campaign Speech in Berlin Essay Example for Free

Barack Obamas Presidential Campaign Speech in Berlin Essay The current president of the United States, Barack Obama, once gave a speech during his electoral campaign to a massive crowd in Berlin. Of course, while such a campaign speech is evidently associated with political endeavors, it would still be appropriate to point out that the speech supposedly serves a purpose to unify nations and to rebuild past alliances for a single cause which is to prevent as well as resolve emerging worldwide concerns. Given such context though, it is still evident that a number of propaganda techniques have been employed so as to gain and strengthen public support. One of the most apparent propaganda techniques which Obama utilized was the plain folk appeal. To further explain, throughout his speech, Obama noted and highlighted that he presents himself not as an electoral candidate but rather as a concerned citizen of the world just like the individuals before him (The Huffington Post, 2008). Furthermore, the bandwagon approach has also been applied. While addressing the public he delineated goals which are supposedly the goals of the entire world, such as banishing terrorist threats and even providing justice in other nations (The Huffington Post, 2008). If other individuals or nations would detract from such aims it seems that they would be branded as adversary even though not necessarily so. It is irrefutable that Obamas speech was indeed effective in persuading its audience judging from the ovation. The propaganda techniques are designed to appeal to the emotions of the public in Berlin. It provides a sense of oneness, taking advantage of the historic representation of the site. Questioning the relevance and validity of Obamas points during the event must have been unlikely as the majority, which attended the event, have already assumed the same perspective. Possibly, others, being influenced, took a similar stance as it seems to be the nationalistic and responsible decision. Hence, Obamas electoral success is testament to the use of propaganda techniques in politics, regardless of its biased and group-oriented nature. Reference The Huffington Post. (2008). Obama Berlin Speech. Retrieved http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2008/07/24/obama-in-berlin-video- of_n_114771. html.

Gaming Affect The Socialization Media Essay

Gaming Affect The Socialization Media Essay Online games  are actually run by the server form internet browser and it requires connecting to internet. The internet is a network that linked computer networking in worldwide, and it is access to average people nowadays, these linked computers transmit data through Internet protocol (IP) and it allows usher to download, upload, sending message and search from internet. What is gamer? Gamer are people who play video/online games (Dictionary.com, 2012). A gamer is a royal player of electronic games, especially for the gaming devices like computer and PSP for such games, and in more recent trend is playing online games. Teenagers Teenagers is any people who aged between 13 years old to 19 years old, (UrbanDictionary, 2012). According to National geographic (2011), teenager like to act different, they are aspire to become adult and always involve in complex behaviors like smoking, sex before married, gambling and also online gaming. Parents According to Oxford Dictionaries.com (2012), parent refer to a persons father and mother and the person who give birth and raise a children. Parents always worry and concern to their children, especially the children facing the development stage in the aged between 13 years old to 19 years old (UrbanDictionary, 2012). Parents are seldom concerned about teenagers to engage in academic activities like sport and reading, as these are the activities seen as healthy social behaviors. The reasons why teenagers playing online games There are some basic reasons why teenagers easy to get attracted by online games. First is the price of games, games are cheap and even free for download through online space. Second reason is the competitive behavior, most gamer will spend so many time to hit the games result and also compete with the others gamers through online, they play non-stop to complete the mission on game to get digital reward like new weapon. We all like to be superior at something. For a teen who isnt necessarily a brilliant student, he/she may be ranked in the top 5 in worldwide for Tetris Battle. The sense of subjugating digital competitor is self-satisfying and isnt too difficult once teenagers has played a game for long time. Maintaining the position of rank in the online games become a serious business, and they putting effort in the hours as a way to achieve it (Hartney, 2011). What is addiction? Addiction has long been understood as a person unable to control one habit, alcohol or drug use (Hartney, 2011). This is because of the physical effects of these substances on the body, especially the brain, people often think that real addiction only occur when people often use these substances(Robinson Berridge, 2003). People also can develop addictive behavior, such as online gaming, even quite ordinary and necessary activities, such as exercise and diet (Charlton Danforth, 2007). What Is Game Addiciton According to Hartney (2011), game addiction is a form of computer addiction or internet addiction. Game addiction often happen on teenagers, over 70% of children aged between 13 and 19 years old play games once in awhile , while 40% of adolescents play an online multiplayer game (Van Rooij Van den Eijnden, 2007). Online gaming allows teenagers to behave very differently from their real life, like a shy child can suddenly became active; a passive child can become aggressive (CRC, 2011). According to research from University of Southern California, the growing popularity of online video games, it will increase the risk of game addiction. The popular games such as World of Warcraft, the massive multi-online role playing games attract gamers to behave in different role in real life if gamers spending in excess of 40 to 50 hours per week playing games, this allow the happen of game addiction(Yong,2009). Gaming affects family relations MMORP is the game with virtual social environment created by multiple gamers. A study conducted by the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University in UK has examined the social interactions that occur both within and outside of MMORPs (Cole and Griffiths, 2007). The study showed MMORPs can be extremely social games, with the high percentages of gamers making life-long friends and partners. The gaming addict stops interacting and participating that the real-life relationships, gamers only spend time on playing games (Kolo and Baur, 2004). Games addiction strain relationships with family. According to the study by Brigham Young University, undergrad Jensen Walker (2009), was based on the information from 813 college students, the more time students spent playing video games, the worse their relationships with parents and friends. This is because the gamers have problems making social connection after spending too much time on online gaming. Some teenagers lying or hiding gaming use to family, they lie to family about what they are really doing on computer, and usually tell them that they are using the computer for work and study (Yong, 2009). Teenagers misuse money in order to spend in game-related items, some of them steal money from family members, and they lie to their family, all to find more time to play the game, this make their relationships with family worst. Teenagers spend more time in front of computer becomes withdrawn from their family and the quality of relation between families members drift apart. Walker said relationship quality is one of a cluster of things that we found to be modestly associated with video games. Research Problem: With the advancement of technology today, the new technology seems to create another problem, which is game addiction. According to an article in the CRC Health Group Educational website (2011), the advance technology has created a lot of games with better graphic, features and characters. The problem of game addiction is increasingly in diverse of age range and especially in teenagers, some teenagers even addicted to the fantasy of gaming and ignore to their family, school, homework and friends. A study done by Brand, Borchard and Holmes (2009) in Australia, they found that game addiction affects on different age range of people which 8 % are over 55 years old, the average age of game players is 29 years old and most of them are male. In the research of Hauge and Gentile (2003) show that most of the game addiction appears in male and game addiction will also cause the problem of lower school performance and aggressive attitudes and behavior. The issue of game addiction has widely research by the Western researcher, but there is less research on the Asian context especially Malaysia, Malaysia is a multicultural country with diverse of culture and value of races. In Malaysia, cyber cafà © are easily found in anywhere. With the growth of economy, more and more people own a computer in their house. This has convenient the teenagers to play games either in their house or outside the house. Teenagers may spend a lot of time on playing games and playing games among teenagers have become a very common thing. In Malaysia, the issue of students skips class because they want to go for playing games is a rifeness phenomenon. Whether these students have got addicted to gaming? So this research want to find out how much time teenagers in Malaysia use to play games and accompany their parents and also to see whether teenagers will lie to their parents for their gaming habits. This all will conclude and show that whether the research o f game addiction on the Western context are applicable to the Malaysia context. Research Question: Does gaming can affect the relationship between teenagers and their parents? Research Objectives Main Objective: To find out whether gaming can affect the relationship between teenagers and their parents. Sub Objective: To find out how much time teenagers spend on playing games. To find out how much time teenagers spend in the family activities. To find out whether teenagers will lie to their parents about their gaming habits. Research Scope: In this research, the sample used will be the teenagers. According to Dictionary.com, teenager is referring to people who are age between 13 to 19 years old. This research is a quantitative research which using questionnaire to collect data from the samples. The samples selected are the purposive sample which is in the categories of non probability sample which the sample must be the teenager which are 13 to 19 years old. The location is the 3 Internet cafà © around Penang Island area and the teenagers will be asked question like How old are you? before giving the questionnaire to the sample to make sure the person answering the questionnaire are the correct sample. This can filter out the other non target sample and reduce the chance of getting conflict in answering questionnaire and also reduce the unnecessary error in sampling. Before distributing the questionnaire to the targeted sample, the questionnaire will gone through a pilot test on 30 of the TARC students to verify and refined the question in the questionnaire to make it more relevant and effective in gathering data. The research will be conducted for about 1 week in 3 different Internet cafà © in Penang Island area. The sample size is 150 target teenagers and 50 samples for each of the Internet cafà ©. This is due to the time and financial limitation so the sample size has to cut down into 150 peoples. Significance of Study: The game addiction in teenagers has become a common social issue since the development of technology. The researcher has done a lot of research on this issue but most of them are based on the Western context and the result cannot be generalized as same with the Asian context. Malaysia is a multicultural country with a diverse culture and ethnicity, the peoples mind thinking and behavior also not the same. So this research aim to find out whether game addiction will affect the socialization between teenagers and their parents in Penang are which the research sample are targeting on the teenagers of Penang. The result found out will contribute to the research field in the topic of game addiction as reference for the future research. This research will also motivate and encourage the other researchers to find out more proof and evidence in this topic. The development of research will help to identify the reason and effect of gaming in the society and will contribute in aiding this social issue. Society can understand the gaming reason and effects and also will alert the authority group and parents in paying attention to this social issue. Chapter 2: Literary review What is online game? According to Kramer (2000), in the past games are the activities that related to release pressure and to get fun. Every activity that makes you happy and brings you pleasures is a game, for example like playing Barbie dolls, listen to music and dancing. It is an activity to help you release stress and give you a pastime and amusement. In the present society, the term of games is usually linked to online games (Puentedura, 2010). Online game (web game)  is actually run by the server form internet browser and it requires connecting to internet. The internet is a network that linked computer networking in worldwide, and it is access to average people nowadays, these linked computers transmit data through Internet protocol (IP) and it allows usher to download, upload, sending message and search from internet, example like download and playing online games (yourmaindomain.com, 2012). Nowadays, there are so many online games provided for free and can be play for unlimited time, the freew are programs allow player to download and play. Besides, playing online games also make the opportunity to generate revenue from promoting the downloadable version. Promotional games are normally featured with limited in order to get the user buy the full version. For most of the online games that available on internet are written in Java languages (Programming language and computing platform, (Java.com, 2012).). Gamer Gamer is people who play video/online games (Dictionary.com, 2012). A gamer is a royal player of electronic games, especially for the gaming devices like computer and PSP for such games, and in more recent trend is playing online games. When we think about the term gaming and online game, we will directly linked the stereotypically gamer are teenagers (Hartney, 2011). According to Shimai and Kishimoto (1990), male have more chance to involve in online gaming. The research done by Silvern and Williamson (1987), has shown that men have more experience in online gaming, this is because the different beliefs exist to gender. Teenagers Teenagers is any people who aged between 13 years old to 19 years old, this is one of the important stage of changing in mental and also the physical (UrbanDictionary, 2012). The examples of changes boys and girls go through the puberty like become aggressive, sexual maturity and psychological changes. This process may happen in different age and time. According to National geographic (2011), teenager like to act different, they are aspire to become adult and always involve in complex behaviors like smoking, sex before married, gambling and also online gaming. Teenager are the part of the social group, the way they behave does not necessarily have to be negative. But most of the time teenagers refer to socially undesirable behaviors, such as over gaming, rather than socially desirable behaviors, like reading. Although it could be applied to either and either could be a positive or a negative experience for the individual. Teenager need to face the problem of Peer pressure, they are e asy to get influence and vulnerable to the peer pressure. This is due to the stage of changing when they spend less time with their parent and start to become more independent. They are not yet ready in understanding their own understanding about the relationships with others or the consequences of their behavior, this is because they are under mature. This will cause them to involve in behaviors that maybe wrong and unethical (Hartney, 2011). Parents According to Oxford Dictionaries.com (2012), parent refer to a persons father and mother and the person who give birth and raise a children. Parents always worry and concern to their children, especially the children facing the development stage in the aged between 13 years old to 19 years old (UrbanDictionary, 2012). Parents are seldom concerned about teenagers to engage in academic activities like sport and reading, as these are the activities seen as healthy social behaviors. In parents perspective, addiction is a complex process, which is caused by many different factors. Teenagers always have been worries to engage in the potentially addictive activities, such as online gaming, gambling, drug use, sexual behavior and also other unethical activities (Ledwith, 2012). According to a study by Sneed and Runco (1992), parents are not all oppose to the gaming habit of their children, for them, gaming is not just about negative effects. By playing online, their children can train their eyes-hand coordination, killtime and be familiar to the use of computer, but it also included some negative effect like the risk of taking potentially aggressive behavior, waste money to buy gaming products and also increase of the competitive values. For sure, parent also worry about their relationship with children will become drift apart. Even the side effect of gaming is very terrible, parents still willing to buy them the gaming devices, such as computer, PSP, smart phone and other devices that can play game and access to internet. They provide the opportunities for their children to access and play games, but they hope children can use it wisely (Berthelsen, 2009). According to McGillicuddy-DeLisi (1985), parents behavior is the example to their children. Inside the family context, gaming can be happened not only on children or teenager, but also parents. Parents might also play online games before and continued their gaming life after married. Some parents playing online game s mostly believe that gaming can help children to learn about the usage of computer, so they allow their children to play online games. Goodnow and Collins (1990) also argued that parents knowledge and beliefs should improve on understanding of parental actions. These beliefs and knowledge can be the use of computer to progress online gaming. The reasons why teenagers playing online games There are some basic reasons why teenagers easy to get attracted by online games. First is the price of games, games are cheap and even free for download through online space. For example, teenagers buy the top up card for only RM10 from 7-eleven to update their gaming tools on facebook games called Boomz. Second reason is the competitive behavior, most gamer will spend so many time to hit the games result and also compete with the others gamers through online, they play non-stop to complete the mission on game to get digital reward like new weapon. We all like to be superior at something. For a teen who isnt necessarily a brilliant student, he/she may be ranked in the top 5 in worldwide for Tetris Battle. The sense of subjugating digital competitor is self-satisfying and isnt too difficult once teenagers has played a game for long time. Maintaining the position of rank in the online games become a serious business, and they putting effort in the hours as a way to achieve it (Hartney , 2011). To extent and level up their games point, teenager become more and more aggressive to achieve target on gaming, example finish all level of Angry Birds to save the eggs. Third reason is the peer influence, teenagers follow what the friends do and act the way that they like (Steinberg, 2011). Since everyone playing online games, teenagers hate to become isolated and they tend to follow the trend, they enjoy playing online games and sharing the experience among their friends. Next reason is because to make new friends through online gaming, online games mostly have many players and they might not know each other at first, they can chat and share experience, it becomes a social contact in online space, these reasons may become the cause of game addiction (Horan, 2010). Teenagers playing games through online in order to manage feeling of depress like loneliness and anxiety (Saisan Smith, 2012). When faced stress and have a bad day, we will find our ways to escape from the problems and s eek for something fun to release stress, for example like gaming. Effects of online gaming According to CRC Health Group Educational Website (2011), there is several effect of online gaming usually occurring on teenagers. Spend too much time on gaming and having problem to complete their home task and also home work. Teenager have problem to manage their time wisely when playing games, they can play nonstop, hours per hours just to achieve the digital reward of online games, this become a problem to them because they cannot complete their task in real life and even concentrate on study at school. According to Yong(2009), teenagers who playing video games oftenly will have trouble like falling and losing grades at school. This is because homework becomes less of important and priority to them, they only care about the ranking of online games and also the world of cyber space. They also become more and more aggressive because of the competition on online games. Online gaming will also cause the negligence to consume foods and beverage, for example, they seldom to take food a nd even drink; they have some physical symptoms like dry eyes, headache or backache and also sleep disturbances isolation. Besides, they become reluctance to communicate with friends and family after school, and lack of communication skill to associate with people in real life. This will gradually affects their relation with parents. Game Addiciton Addiction has long been understood as a person unable to control one habit, alcohol or drug use (Hartney, 2011). This is because of the physical effects of these substances on the body, especially the brain, people often think that real addiction only occur when people often use these substances(Robinson Berridge, 2003). People also can develop addictive behavior, such as online gaming, even quite ordinary and necessary activities, such as exercise and diet (Charlton Danforth, 2007). According to Hartney (2011), game addiction is a form of computer addiction or internet addiction. Game addiction often happen on teenagers, over 70% of children aged between 13 and 19 years old play games once in awhile , while 40% of adolescents play an online multiplayer game (Van Rooij Van den Eijnden, 2007). Online gaming allows teenagers to behave very differently from their real life, like a shy child can suddenly became active; a passive child can become aggressive (CRC, 2011). According to re search from University of Southern California, the growing popularity of online video games, it will increase the risk of game addiction. The popular games such as World of Warcraft, the massive multi-online role playing games attract gamers to behave in different role in real life if gamers spending in excess of 40 to 50 hours per week playing games, this allow the happen of game addiction (Yong,2009). Gaming affects family relations MMORP is the game with virtual social environment created by multiple gamers. A study conducted by the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University in UK has examined the social interactions that occur both within and outside of MMORPs (Cole and Griffiths, 2007). The study showed MMORPs can be extremely social games, with the high percentages of gamers making life-long friends and partners. The gaming addict stops interacting and participating that the real-life relationships, gamers only spend time on playing games (Kolo and Baur, 2004). The behavior of gaming will strain relationships with family. According to the study by Brigham Young University, undergrad Jensen Walker (2009), was based on the information from 813 college students, the more time students spent playing video games, the worse their relationships with parents and friends. This is because the gamers have problems making social connection after spending too much time on online gaming. Some teenagers lying or hiding gaming use to family, they lie to family about what they are really doing on computer, and usually tell them that they are using the computer for work and study (Yong, 2009). Teenagers misuse money in order to spend in game-related items, some of them steal money from family members, and they lie to their family, all to find more time to play the game, this make their relationships with family worst. Teenagers spend more time in front of computer becomes withdrawn from their family and the quality of relation between families members drift apart. Walker said relationship quality is one of a cluster of things that we found to be modestly associated with video games. For most of the teenager, the important way to overcome the addiction on game is to find alternate way to overcome these difficult of feelings, it is very important to take serious on finding ways to reduce stressful situations.

Red Badge Of Courage :: Essays Papers

Red Badge Of Courage Throughout the story many settings appear, the most important one is the battlefield. The time is 1862, which is the period of the Civil War. The story begins at dawn on a cold morning when the army rests by campfires on some hills. As a tall soldier, who later becomes known as Jim Conklin, washes his shirt at the river, he hears a rumor. He rushes to tell his comrades that the regiment will move the following day. When the loud soldier, Wilson, hears this rumor, he argues with Jim that it is a lie. While this argument is taking place, the youthful soldier and main character in the story, Henry Fleming, is listening attentively. He then thinks what his reaction to fighting in battle will be. A flashback to when he first enlisted against his mother’s wishes occurs. He remembers fantasies of glorious and bloody wars of times past. Henry thinks that war is a courageous adventure. This transports us to a different setting at his farmhouse. During this time, the people live a simple life mostly based on agriculture. The youth also recalls his mother’s lecture before departing. â€Å"She could . . . give him many hundreds of reasons why he was vastly more important on the farm than on the field of battle† (p. 4). His mother warns him about taking care of himself and staying away from bad companions. His mother’s character symbolizes many different concepts. Because of the era in which the story takes place, one can imagine that this woman is uneducated. Her farming lifestyle implies that she is a hard-worker, especially since no father-figure is present in the household. This image also sets an earthy, or realistic, tone contrasting with Henry’s fantasizing. Her simple actions, such as knitting him socks, and farewell speech show her motherly love, which represents motherhood. In this mental setting, one learns of Henry’s emotions about his mother and his views about war. He struggles with the idea of what his reaction will be to a real battle. The notion that he might run penetrates his thoughts. Running would prove that he is not courageous or heroic and that his fantasies of triumph in war are just fantasies. The more he imagines himself fighting, the more he â€Å". . . failed in an effort to see himself standing stoutly in the midst of them,† them being the threats of the future attacks (p.

Paul L. Dunbar :: essays research papers

Paul Laurence Dunbar Paul Laurence Dunbar was born June 27, 1872 in Dayton, OH. His mother Matilda, was a former slave and his father Joshua had escaped slavery and served in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and the 5th Massachusetts Colored Calvary Regiment during the Civil war (online). Joshua and Matilda separated in 1874. Dunbar came from a poor family. After his father left, his mother supported the family by working as a washerwoman. One of the families she worked for was the family of Orville and Wilbur Wright. Paul attended Dayton’s Central High School with the two. When Matilda was a slave she heard a lot of poems by the families she worked for. She loved poetry and encouraged her children to read poetry as well. Dunbar began writing and reciting poetry as early as age six. Paul was one of the most popular poets of his time and was the first black American writer to achieve national and international reputation. He was not only a poet, but also a novelist, short story writer, writer of articles and dramatic sketches, plays and lyrics for musical compositions. His first volume of poetry, "Oak and Ivy" was published in 1893. Many of his poems and stories were written in Afro-American dialect, of which he was initially most noted for (Martin and Hudson 16). His second volume, "Majors and Minors" was published in 1895. "Majors and Minor" were a collection of poems that was written in standard English ("major") and in dialect ("minor") (Young 373). It was this book that fixed him on his literary path. This book attracted favorable notice by novelist and critic, William Dean Howells who also introduced Dunbar’s next book, "Lyrics of Lowly Life" which contained some of the finest verses of the first two volumes. Dunbar was a popular writer of short fiction. He relied upon tone, subtle details expressed through speech, atmosphere, assumed manners and morals, and mood rather than plot to tell his tale. His depiction of life on plantations gives a vivid account of the fate of black men before and after the emancipation. Interestingly enough, Dunbar did write about whites in society also. He did not write about them at the bottom of society, but sarcastically wrote of them in the upper class of society as detailed in his story " The End of the Chapter". Unlike a few writers at that time, Dunbar did not only write about black people struggling to survive, but black people flourishing.

Essay --

Hank Aaron was a famous baseball player who was respectful to his teammates and his fans. His nickname was â€Å"Hammerin’ Hank†. At one time he led the league in the most home runs. He was born in a poor family and then grew up to be a great professional baseball player. He became one of the most admired baseball players in Major League history. He was born in Mobile, Alabama called â€Å"Down the Bay† on February 5, 1934. His real name was Henry Louis Aaron. He was the third of eight children. His mother’s name was Estella and his father’s name was Herbert. His dad was a tavern owner and a dry dock boilermaker’s assistant. His mother did not have a job until Hank was older. He lived in a town where there was segregation. Hank lived where it was rural and it was a lowly populated town. The town was fueled by a migration of farm workers looking for city work. Hank took an early interest in sports. Although the family had little money, and Hank took several jobs to try to help out, he spent a lot of time playing baseball at a neighborhood park. He had jobs such as mowing lawns, picking potatoes, and delivering ice. He started to love the game when his father’s local team formed out of the tavern he opened next to the family house called The Black Cat Inn. He played baseball with the loc al kids in the wide open fields. Until too many children to take care of at home, his mother worked in one of Mobile’s white households, where work was available for blacks as maids and cooks. Hank and his family moved to Toulminville, right outside of Mobile, at the age of eight. During his freshman and sophomore years, he attended Central High School, a segregated high school in Mobile where he stood out at both football and baseball. Fearin... ...rst all time in total accumulated bases with 6,856. He was second all time in at bats with 12,364. He was third all time in hits with 3,771. He was third all time in runs scored with 2,174. He was also third all time in games played with 3,298. He was elected into the Hall Of Fame in 1982. His autobiography, I had a Hammer, was published in 1990. In 1999, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of breaking Babe Ruth’s record, Major League announced the Hank Aaron Award, given to the best overall hitter in each league. I picked Hank Aaron because I want to be a baseball player just like him. I think he should be the President of baseball because, all of his special achievements. He was a very nice and skillful person and he will be remembered through all of baseball and will be remembered as one of the greatest baseball players ever in the history of baseball.

History of Immigration †Movie Gangs of New York Essay

Although Martin Scorsese’s 2002 film â€Å"Gangs of New York† purports to be an historical film which recounts ethnic based gang rivalries in 1863 New York City, the film relies heavily on poetic-license, accentuating violence and a typical Hollywood â€Å"good versus evil† story-line, rather than delving into the historical specificities and realistic detail. While it is almost certainly true that Gangs captures the flavor and mythopoetic spirit of America’s ethnically diverse past and the violence and tensions which seethed during the American Civil, it is equally true that the historical themes with which Gangs deals are of a secondary nature to its main thrust: which is to produce a slick, and profitable film. So, while the movie deals with a tremendously important historical period in American history, the historical background â€Å"is incidental to Scorsese’s larger vision of reminding Americans of their violent past† 1 and, as such, the film’s viewpoints regarding immigration are abstraction from history and not representative of history itself. That said, the film’s portrayal of immigration is to show it as a bloody, tremendously difficult process, a sort of pressure-cooker where the amalgam of cultures clashed in a violent soup, which, itself produced a unity through an altogether new culture, an American culture, born through a traumatic and protracted birth-struggle. This vision is a romantic vision which simplifies the complex realities of the history of immigration in America in the nineteenth century. Scorsese, as mentioned, is not interested in depicting history, but to use the verisimilitude of history, the details and gritty realism of historical record, to paint a dramatically believable portrait of myth: a myth describing the birth of American culture in the fiery crucible of ethnic prejudice and competition. Historical detail is a device, not a theme: â€Å"while Gangs is accurate in detail, it is distorted and mistaken in its larger characterizations and interpretation. This should not be surprising: Gangs of New York is a moneymaking enterprise. † 2 If the film’s relevance to history is not one of accurate portrayal and realistic delving into the lives and events of the era depicted, then from where does its importance to history derive? The answer to that question lies in the fact that while â€Å"Gangs of New York† may play fast and loose with historical accuracy, while it may simplify the complex sociological realities of intercultural integration — or lack thereof — in America’s war-torn past, the film remains faithful to a central, thematic idea which is also a core-reality of American history: that a nation which is ethnically diverse but upholds individual liberty must in the end cast-away the ethnic and racial barriers and competitions of the â€Å"Old World† in order to actualize the opportunities of the future. That core-idea is a core-principal of American Democracy and it is a principle by which American history, including the American Civil War, has turned on as though upon an axis. The great value, historically speaking, of â€Å"Gangs of New York† is not in its depiction of history or its re-creation of historical events, but in the film’s vision of racism of cultural division and of American Democracy as a â€Å"melting pot† and also an ideal which transcends race or specific culture. The problem in the presentation of this vision is that the Hollywood â€Å"hero and villian† paradigm, along with a stock formula of violence and greed, results in a film which buries these important themes beneath a slick â€Å"whitewash† and this is: â€Å"a foolish simplification, a stereotype, and not the business of historians. Rather, the problem with Gangs is that it wants us to think that Irish gangsters were â€Å"good† by ignoring their racism while it wants to make us think others are â€Å"bad† because they are racist. â€Å" This kind of pretzel-logic may make for an interesting and immediately understandable film, but it does little to shed light on history or on the diffusion of cultural tensions in America. The film is conspicuously incompatible with a detailed or immersive reading of history. I do not personally belive that â€Å"Gangs of New York† accurately depicts the feelings of the people at the time or even the historical tensions themselves. Instead, the film â€Å"Without the veneer of historical righteousness[†¦ ] is just another Scorsese bloodbath among white men. With that in mind, there is merit in the film’s mythopoetic imaging of the emotional energy which explodes from America’s cultural diversity. Unfortunately, â€Å"Gangs of New York† fails to depict substantive and historically accurate characters who — if shown realistically — would be comprised of multi-faceted and perhaps contradictory impulses and beliefs. In conclusion, while Martin Scorsese’s â€Å"Gangs of New York† faithfully represents the formulaic, Hollywood notion of slick, effective commercial film-making, the film fails to faithfully represent the historical period from which is ostensibly draws its setting, theme, and characters. While immigration can and should be rightfully regarded as a part of America’s mythopoetic past and also its mythopoetic identity, the historical realities of immigration and the actual historical ramifications of the cultural pressure-cooker that helped to birth America are absent from â€Å"Gangs of New York. † In their place, broad generalization, ethnic stereotyping, epic contrasts of good and evil, and the classical arc of the hero-myth are used to both simplify and stylize an aspect of American history which is too nuanced and too complex to be accurately depicted through such an approach. It is possible that â€Å"Gangs of New York† will inform a significant portion of its audience with the flavor of an historical period they might have otherwise missed observing altogether. However, in all liklihood, those who are stimulated to study this time-period by Scorsese’s poetic vision, will find themselves startled, and perhaps confused, by the amount of drama and profound thematic issue which were left out of â€Å"Gangs of New York. â€Å"

Long or Short Vacation

Name: Phan Thi Thanh Giang Email: [email  protected] com ESSAY 1 Topic: Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each year. Others believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the year. Which viewpoint do you agree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. No one can deny that a vacation has many benefits for students. In Viet Nam, it has long been a controversy whether give a vacation should be long or short. Most of students think that is great if they have several short vacations each year while others disagree. Both opinions have their own advantages and disadvantages.From my point of view, it is better to have several shorts vacations throughout the years. The reasons are as follows. In my personal experience, almost people like vacations especially students. Short vacations can help students decrease pressures or depressions from their overloaded study, hard examinations and parents’ desires had better than a long vacation. Speaking of study pressures, students always live in a tense state in which they have to cope with a plenty of continuous problems; a series of required knowledge they must study and a chain of examination they must take are ruining children’s pure mind day by day.To deal with this, one short vacation will be capable of giving a hand to the children who are in need of help to decreases these stresses. The students will have enough time to adapt to occurrence and balance their daily life, their academic study after sorrows. If there’s only one long vacation per year, the students will only have one chance to face one stress while continuous matters happen steadily during the terms. In addition, students can regain energy easier and better by several shorts vacations. Shorter vacations are more rejuvenating.During the year, I am able to take several short trips to smaller towns, beaches, mountains in the surrounding area of where I live and I feel so much more refreshed when returning to study after one of these short vacations. Similarly, with short vacations I am able to sometimes go by myself or take friends, so there is always a sense of variety with each trip. By contrast, one long vacation can be tiring and at times quite boring. Indeed, after a long vacation, it is so difficult to restart my studying with highest efforts. In almost cases, it takes long time to adapt to study environment.Finally, short vacations make both students and their parents arrange plans for entertain or travel easier than one long vacation. The parents can send their children to short-term holiday camps or just have them travel. Likewise, the students in university can take short tours to domestic vacation spots. Such travels cost less money and are more available than long tours. Take my relationship for an example. Last summer holiday, my uncle sent my cousins to my grandmother because he did not have time to care of them in approximated 2 mo nths. On the other hand, for one-month vacation, my aunt sent her son to â€Å"Army-term summer trip†.He said to me that the trip is the wonderful experience. The issue whether students should be given one long vacation each year or they should have several vacations throughout the year is the one that is open for debate. Although a long vacation has also some advantages, I think short vacation is better in many ways. Students have more chances to decrease pressures or depressions from their overloaded study, hard examinations and parents’ desires. They can also regain energy easier and better. In addition, short vacations make both students and their parents arrange plans for entertain or travel easier.

Observation of Mitosis

Observation of Mitosis Introduction: Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. There are two types of reproduction, which are; asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is creation of offspring whose genes all come from one parent. Sexual reproduction is creation of offspring by fusion of male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (eggs) to form zygotes. Asexual reproduction involves a type of cell division known as mitosis. Mitosis is the scientific term for nuclear cell division, where the  nucleus  of the cell divides, resulting in two sets of identical  chromosomes.Mitosis is accompanied by  cytokinesis  in which the end result is two completely separate cells called daughter cells. There are four phases of mitosis: prophase,  metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The active sites of cell division in plants are known as meristems and they are convenient source of mitotic cells for observation under the light microscop e. In this experiment two different methods had been used. One of the methods that have been used was; Feulgen Reaction, root tips have been fixed and stained using this reaction.This histochemical method is specific for DNA which is stained deep red-purple. Aim: Investigate the stages of mitosis under light microscope. Method 1: Preparation of Root Squash and Observation of Mitosis in Garlic Root Meristems Firstly, one root tip was taken from a container by using a pipette. This root tip was putted on a slide and a drop of 80% glycerol was added, than a coverslip applied. After coverslip was applied, slide was covered with a sheet of blotting paper and squashed gently.Lastly this sample was observed under light microscope both with low power and high power objective. Method 2: Observation of Mitosis in Allium SP. Root Meristems Slides of Allium sp. Root tip squashes was prepared and provided. These ready slides were observed under light microscope both low and high power objectives and stages of mitosis were drawn. Disscusion: Meiosis has many similarities to mitosis. However, there are major differences that it is essential to note. The table below shows the comparison of the stages of mitosis and meiosis. Stages| Meiosis| Mitosis|Interphase| – begins with a diploid cell| – begins with a diploid cell| Prophase| – four chromosomes combine to form two tetrads   – the chromosomes in the tetrad cross over each other, allowing them to exchange genetic material| -four chromatids combine to form two chromosomes linked by a centromere| Metaphase| – the two tetrads line up in the centre| – the two chromosomes line up in the centre| Anaphase| – the two tetrads split up into four chromosomes which go to both poles| – the two chromosomes split up into four chromatids which move to both of the poles| Telophase| – the two sets of chromosomes become enclosed by the nuclear envelope| – the two sets of c hromatids are enclosed by the nuclear envelope| Cytokinesis| – two cells are formed with two sets of chromosomes in each one| – Two cells are created with two chromatids in each one. – Mitosis is now complete. | Prophase II| – DNA replication is skipped and the two cell's nuclear envelope are dissolved and the spindle reformed   – the four chromatids in each cell are connected together to form two chromosomes| | Metaphase II| – the two chromosomes line up in the centre| | Anaphase II| – the two chromosomes are split up into their daughter chromatids and moved towards opposites poles| | Telophase II| –The nuclear envelope is reformed around the two poles on each cell. | Cytokenesis| – the cells are split up again and four haploid cells remain as a result   – meiosis is now complete| | The second table below shows the general difference between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis| Meiosis| Produces body cells(Somatic c ells) cells for growth and repair| Produces sex cells(Gametes) cells for sexual reproduction| One nuclear division, separating chromatids| Two nuclear divisions, first separating homologous chromosomes and second separating chromatids| Two daughter cells produced| Four daughter cells produced| Chromosome number remains same| Chromosome number halved| No association between homologous chromosomes| Homologous chromosomes associate and form bivalents| No crossing over ccurs| Crossing over many occur at chiasmata| Chromosomes only form single row at equator at metaphase| At metaphase 1, chromosomes form double row at equator| Daughter cells genetically identical with each other and parent cell| Daughter cells differ genetically from each other and parent cell| Daughter cells have two sets of chromosomes(pairs)| Daughter cells have only one member of each pair of chromosomes| In metaphase chromosomes line up singly| In metaphase I chromosomes line up as homologous pairs (synapsis). The t wo double chromosomes are called a tetrad when they are lined| Comparison of the biological significance of mitosis and meiosis: * The Significance of MitosisThe significance of mitosis is its ability to produce daughter cells which are exactly the same as the parent cell. It is important for three reasons†¦   1. Growth If a tissue wants to get bigger by growth needs new cells that are identical to the existing ones. Cells division must therefore be by mitosis. 2. Repair Damaged cells have to be replaced by exact copies of the organism so that it repairs the tissues to their former condition. Mitosis is the means by which this is achieved. 3. Asexual reproduction If a species is good at colonizing a habitat, there might be no point, in producing offspring which are different from the parents, because they might be less effective at survival.Therefore it might be  better, in the short term,  to make a colony which is similar to the parents. In simple animals and most plant s this is achieved by mitotic division. * Significance of Meiosis The long term survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to a changing environment. To do this the offspring need to be different from their parents and each other. These are three ways in which variety occurs because of meiosis. 1. Production and fusion of haploid gametes: The variety of offspring is increased by mixing the genotype of one parent with that of the other. It involves the production of special sex cells, called gametes, which fuse together to produce a new organism.Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of the adult. It is important that meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes in daughter cells, happens at some stage in the life cycle of a sexually reproducing organism. Therefore Meiosis is important in order for variety in organisms, and allowing them to evolve. 2. The creation of genetic variety by the random distribution of chromosomes during metaphase 1. When the pair s of homologous chromosomes arrange themselves on the equator of the spindle during metaphase 1 of meiosis, they do it randomly. Even though each one of the pair determines the same general features, they’re detail of the feature is different.The randomness of this distribution and independent assortment of these chromosomes produces new genetic combinations. 3. The creation of genetic variety by crossing over between homologous chromosomes. During prophase 1 of meiosis, equal portions of homologous chromosomes may be swapped. In this way new genetic combinations are made and linked genes separated. The variety which meiosis brings vital for to the process of evolution. By providing a varied stock of individuals it allows the natural selection of those best suited to the existing conditions and makes sure that species constantly change and adapt when these conditions change. This is the main biological significance of meiosis. Gizem KARAGOZLU 19026857.

Dota Thesis Essay

Here in the Philippines, we believe in the saying of our national hero Dr. Jose P. Rizal that â€Å"Youth is the hope of our Mother land†. In their hand lies the future generation to follow. But as we see from the situation nowadays, what we are expecting from the youth is the contrary if the saying. Teenagers are prone to pregnancy. Almost every year there is a rapid increase on the number of pregnant youths. One of the major causes of this problem is that most of the youths nowadays grew up in broken homes. Parents either the father or mother of the youths chose to leave their children behind because of the fact that they cannot handle anymore their obligation as parents. In relation to this problem, our government is now working on the Reproductive Health Bill (RH Law) as one of the most effective solution not only to teenage pregnancy but also to the increasing population of our country. The literature review was conducted to identify risk factors associated with teenage pregnancy and parenthood, including patterns of teenage sexual behaviour, as well as current knowledge about effective strategies in teenage pregnancy prevention. The impact of teenage parenthood on parents and children and ways of supporting pregnant and parenting young women was also explored. The review relied predominantly on Australian literature in order to reflect local issues and perspectives. However, the need to consider more recent or extensive research in some areas required the use of overseas literature, mainly from the US and the UK.Teenage pregnancies in the Philippines surged by 70 percent over one decade, a ranking official of the United Nation Population Fund Agency (UNFPA). Ugochi Daniels, UNFPA country representative, said the rising number of teenage pregnancies in the country is an area of concern that the agency is giving serious attention to, exposing as it does adolescent girls (10 to 19 years old) to high risk. Government statistics on female adolescent pregnancies indicate that the total number of annual births changed little over the preceding 10 years, but the number of teenage pregnancies rose 70 percent, from 114,205 in 1999 to 195,662 in 2009. Based on data compiled from birth certificates, of the 1.75 million live births in 2009, the latest review year, over 11 percent involved teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy is widespread in the Philippines, especially amongst the poor. It is astory that may not be too pleasant, but one that is repeated all too often.Teen pregnancy is anobvious rising issue in our society. During the 21 st century, the statistics about this issue continues to rise even though there are a lot of disadvantages that young mothers and fathers can obviously get in the said issue. Fox (2008) defined teenage pregnancy as: Teenage pregnancy is one of the most important and alarming issues in today’s world. A teenage pregnancy, also referred to as teen pregnancy, comes to be when a girl attains motherhood before she becomes a major or adult, as laid down by the law of the land Some 16.5 million Filipinos belong to the 15-24 year old age group. We are forced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of young people today have children of their own. 30% of all births belong to this age group; and by the age of 20, 25% of the youth are already mot hers. This shocking truth about teenage pregnancy in the Philippines should wake the government and parents themselves to take action (Flores, 2008). According to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (Uppi) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, twenty six(26%) of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex experience. What ¶s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in alive-in arrangement. Another is the 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)reveals that 3.6 million of our teenagers (that’s a whopping 5.2 percent of our population!) got pregnant. In 92 percent of these teens, the pregnancy was unplanned, and the majority, 78 percent, did not even use contraceptives the first time they had sex(Singsong, 2008).Most teenagers don’t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Teen pregnancies carry extra health risks to the mother and the baby. Risks for the baby include premature birth and a low birth weight. To control this, we must help each other by following the suggested solutions. I. Cause Causes of teenage pregnancy are occurring due to following reasons according to Fox (2008): Consequence of raging hormones. Most teenagers experience sudden and hitherto unknown emotions and feelings during their early puberty. All this, coupled with a sudden sense of new-found freedom and sexuality, results in many of them giving vent to their feelings through sexual expressions and experiences. Of course, most countries stress on sex education in schools, but yet, some teenagers involve themselves in unsafe sex, which could lead to unwanted pregnancies. Peer pressure. A lot of teenagers indulge in early sexual behaviour due to peer pressure. This is due to the fact that they feel the great need to be ‘hip’ and ‘accepted’ by their circle of friends. The only way they could probably achieve that would be by having a boyfriend or girlfriend or at least by dating and indulging in sexual acts often. Contraceptive Failure. Though there are many types and brands of contraceptives and emergency birth control pills easily available in the market, these are never a guarantee for complete safety. Only Mother Nature knows when she might want to get into action, so no form of birth control is going to be completely foolproof! (Fox, July 18, 2008).Other causes of teenage pregnancy are: 1. Lack of Parental Guidance. Most people evade their children from talking about sex. In some cases, they provide false information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion about sex. In some cases, teenage mothers are not well educated about sex before getting pregnant and thus this leads to lack of communication between the parents and the children. 2. Inadequate Knowledge about Safe Sex. Most adolescents are unaware of safe sex. They probably have no access to the traditional methods of preventing pregnancy. And the main reason behind is that they are either too embarrassed or fear to seek information about it. It was found that more than 80% of teenage pregnancies are unintended. 3. Exploitation by Older Men. This is another major factor that contributes to pregnancyamong the teenagers. Those girls who date older men are more likely to become pregnant before they attain womanhood. Rape, sexual exploitations etc. also takes place th at leadsto unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls. 4. Socio Economic Factors. Teenage girls who belong to the poor families are more likelyto become pregnant. Researchers have found that even in the developed countries teenage pregnancy occurs most commonly among the deprived sections. 5. Glamorization of Pregnancy. The movie industry and the media contribute to teenage pregnancy by glamorizing teen pregnancy in news stories and movies. Movies that depict teen pregnancy as something to be desired encourage teens to engage in reckless sexual activity, according to ABC’s â€Å"Good Morning America.† During adolescence, teens become more focused on their appearance and how their peers perceive them. They want to be seen as part of the group, so if teen pregnancy is viewed as acceptable in their school or amongst their friends, they may seek to become pregnant as a way to gain social acceptance. 6. Teenage Drinking. Teen drinking can cause an unexpected pregnancy, according to the website Love to Know. Many teens experiment with drugs and alcohol. Drinking lowers a teen’s ability to control her impulses, contributing to 75 percent of pregnancies that occur between the ages 14 and 21. Approximately 91 percent of pregnant teens reported that although they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to have sex when they conceived. 7. Sexual Abuse or Rape. Teens can become pregnant as a result of sexual abuse or rape. The Guttmacher Institute states that between 43 and 62 percent of teens acknowledge that they were impregnated by an adult male, and two-thirds report that their babies’ fathers are as old as 27. Approximately 5 percent of all teen births are the result of a rape. 8. Inconsistent use of birth control Even though the use of contraceptives has increased among teenagers, its use remains spotty. Teens may use birth control to help prevent teen pregnancy, but most do not use contraceptives consistently. Erratic contraceptive use, however, is better than none. A sexually active teen that does not use any birth control has a 90 percent chance of becoming pregnant within a year. Some of the reasons that birth control is not used include the following: uneducated about birth control, uncomfortable using birth control methods and unable to access reliable birth control. 9. Abstinence-only sex education. Despite recent government efforts to fund abstinence-only sex education, the vast majority of teenage boys and girls (62 percent and 70 percent) have initiated vaginal sex by the age of 18. Because of their nature, abstinence-only programs leave out educational information on birth control. These programs have never been shown to actually reduce the incidence of teen pregnancy. However, they are the programs that receive the most funding from the government. There are state governments that forbid any sort of teen sex education in schools at all. This means that teens that experiment may not have information on birth control and are more likely to engage in activity that results in teen pregnancy. 10. Psychological factors. The immature and irresponsible behaviour arising duet complex teenage psychology is another important cause of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers often go through a number of emotions because of their own transition from childhood and peer pressure. The causes above are also similar to the causes here in the Philippines. II. Solution a) Existing Solutions – since abortion is immoral and legally wrong here in the Philippines, they consider adoption for the baby or acceptance for the parents. If not yet born, then they suggest that the baby not be killed. Currently, the government proposes sex education but it is still debated whether it would be taught or not. One way to prevent pregnancy is by practicing safe sex. In addition to it, birth control tools such as condoms, pills, intra-uterine devices or supremacies can regulate the fertility of a woman’s eggs. Even though it decreases the chances of not being pregnant, still it is not 100%sure and effective to avoid pregnancy. Some are even desperate that they will come to a point that they have to abort their babies without knowing the effects it may cause to the mother and it will kill the conscience of who will ever do this abortion thing. With the help of Science, Medicine has developed a new pill contraceptive namedRU486, the morning after solution to a sex encounter. Teenagers nowadays are sexually active without their parents knowing their sexual activities. Often times, media promotes sexuality to the young which may cause them to be mislead with wrong information about sex and they might be misguided, that’s why parents play an important role to the lives of their children. For all we know, sex is for those couples who already undergo to the Sacrament of Marriage, because doing sex needs a lot of sense of maturity not only physical but mental and spiritual basis. Once a pregnancy occurs from premarital sex, the couple is bound to live together for the rest of their lives with or without marriage because they have now the obligation to raise the child. The best way to avoid teen pregnancy is by avoiding or abstaining from sex before marriage. One thing is for sure, abstain from sex will keep you 100% safe from diseases, undesired relationship, and of course teenage PREGNANCY (Life Challenges -AllAboutLifeChallenges.org, 2011). Other possible Solutions are: 1. Abstinence from sex until you are old enough to do so. 2. Usage of contraceptives and other forms of birth controls. 3. Sex Education. 4. Affection and Guidance of parents. 5. Counselling. 6. Discouraging early dating What Ever the solutions may be, we must all keep in mind that we must be pro-life. b) How it is done in other countries. Existing solutions do not only exist on the Philippines but also on other parts of the world. For Example, abortion in the United States has been legal in every state since the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe V. Wade, on January 22, 1973. Prior to â€Å"Roe†, there were exceptions to the abortion ban in at least 10 states; â€Å"Roe† established that a woman has a right to self-determination (often referred to as a â€Å"right to privacy†) covering the decision whether or not to carry a pregnancy to term, but that this right must be balanced against a state’s interest in preserving fetal life (Wikipedia, 2011). In Egypt, they teach knowledge about male and female reproductive systems, sexual organs, contraception and STDs in public schools at the second and third years of the middle-preparatory phrase (when students are aged 12-14)(Wikipedia, 2011). In France, They promote sex education and it has been part of school curricular since 1973. Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sex education, and pass out condoms, to students in grades eight and nine (Wikipedia, 2011). In Britain, which has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in Europe ,sex education is a heated issue in government and media reports In Sweden, sex education has been a mandatory part of school education since 1956. The subject is usually started between ages 7 and 10, and continues up through the grades, incorporated into different subjects such as biology and history In some countries, such as America, Falcon punch is done by the teens. The Falcon Punch is most often used to end the untimely pregnancy of a loved one in a humane manner, especially if the loved one happens to be under the age of sixteen. (EncyclopediaDramatica,2011). Active euthanasia, commonly referred simply as euthanasia, is only legal in the Netherlands and Belgium. (Wiki Answers, 2011) Euthanasia is the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit, and over the years it has been one of the favourite tools of those who think society is better off when we take active steps to kill the poor, the disabled, the elderly, or the  ³unwanted ´. Today the debate over euthanasia most commonly revolves around the issue of physician-assisted suicide. There are many forms of euthanasia but the assisted suicide is its most common from. This method has also been done to prevent teenage pregnancy. (Wikipedia,2011) There are many possible solutions that can be done, some countries perform different methods that are immoral for Filipinos. One example is abortion. But amidst all this, we must learn to give importance to life because it is God’s wonderful gift to all of us STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: This study answers the following questions: 1. What is your reaction on teen pregnancy? 2. Do you know anything about RH Law? 3. Did you ever think of aborting a baby? 4. Do you still continue to pursue your education? 5. Do you know of anywhere in your local area where free condoms are available to younger couples? 6. What is the best solution or prevention on Early Pregnancy? 7. How the other country preventing early pregnancy. Locale of the Study The Study was done in STI College Laguna, The IT students give an survey about their reaction about Early Pregnancy and what they say about passing the RH Law. Importance: The fact is that the RH Bill is now a law of the Republic, and the President, barring judicial intervention, has the obligation of seeing to its effective, just and balanced implementation. Indeed, it would be tragic if, after all the acrimony, we end up with a law that is not implemented like many good legislation in this country. According to Dean Tony La Vina, in her view, the protracted debate, even if it was too long (lasting 13 years), actually improved the bill and, thanks in part to the opponents of the bill, we have a much more balanced and a better law than originally proposed. Among others, it is clear that abortifacient methods are prohibited (although the definition of abortion as preventing implantation of a fertilized ovum is controversial), freedom of conscience is respected, and there is neither a mandate to reduce our population nor a preference for smaller families. Below is a summary of what I believe are the most important provisions under the RH Law: * It affirms in a balanced way various state policies related to the right of health, including reproductive health, the rights of women, couples and families, and the protection of the life of the mother and the unborn. The law provides for spousal and parental consent in specific instances although safeguards to protect the individual rights of mothers or those availing of a service or procedure are also included. * In my view, the RH Law’s most important provision is the guarantee by the State to provide â€Å"universal access to medically-safe, non-abortifacient, effective, legal, affordable, and quality reproductive health care services, methods, devices, supplies which do not prevent the implantation of a fertilized ovum as determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and relevant information and education thereon according to the priority needs of women, children and other underprivileged sectors.† * In implementing the above policy, the State shall promote and provide information and access, without bias, to all methods of family planning, including effective natural and modern methods which have been proven medically safe, legal, non-abortifacient, and effective in acco rdance with scientific and evidence-based medical research standards. If this â€Å"no bias† principle is actually implemented, it will go a long way in reducing acrimony in the law’s implementation. * The RH law also provides that the State shall also provide funding support to promote modern natural methods of family planning, especially the Billings Ovulation Method, consistent with the needs of acceptors and their religious convictions. * The RH Law does not set demographic or population targets, and in fact, states that the mitigation, promotion and/or stabilization of the population growth rate is incidental to the advancement of reproductive health. Further, each family has the right to determine its ideal family size: although the State is mandated to equip each parent with the necessary information on all aspects of family life, including reproductive health and responsible parenthood, in order to make that determination. * Religious freedom is actually respected in the RH Law. Hospitals owned and operated by a religious group do not have to provide services contrary to its beliefs although these hospitals shall immediately refer the person seeking such care and services to another health facility, which is conveniently accessible. The conscientious objection of a health care service provider based on his/her ethical or religious beliefs are also respected, accompanied by an obligation for referral. These exceptions do not, however, apply in emergency cases. * The RH Law provides that no person shall be denied information and access to family planning services, whether natural or artificial. Minors however will not be allowed access to modern methods of family planning without written consent from their parents or guardian/s except when the minor is already a parent or has had a miscarriage. * Finally, age- and development-appropriate reproductive health education to adolescents (10-19 years) is mandated for public schools, which program shall be based on consultations with parents-teachers-community associations, school officials and other interest groups. Private schools may adopt the program at their own option, but consistent with religious freedom, are not obliged to do so. Scope and Limitations: This investigation is conducted to determine the rate of STI students that is reacted on Early or Teen Pregnancy. This way, we could determine the status and profile of the teenager Reaction in teenage pregnancy. The aspects looked into were the quantitative information of number of STI IT students Reaction in teenage pregnancy and the data behind this. This investigation focuses on number of IT students Reacted in teenage pregnancy in STI College Laguna portrayed by our group as respondents during February 2013. Definitions of Terms Teenage pregnancy – refers to any pregnancy on women that took place between the ages 13 – 19 years old. Teen aged Students – refers to students that ages a number that end in â€Å"teen† as the last syllable such as13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19. Rate – refers to a quantity from a recent quantity STIS – refers to Sexually Transmitted Infections STDS – refers to Transmitted Diseases Sex – the sum of the structural, functional, and behavioural characteristics of organisms that are involved in reproduction marked by the union of gametes and that distinguish males and females RH – Reproductive Health Contraceptives – A device or drug serving to prevent pregnancy. Reference: http://www.dcsi.sa.gov.au/pub/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/51595306/Teenage-Pregnancies-in-the-Philippines-2, http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/18972-reconciliation-post-rh-law